1. 10’s & 18’s History By
Kevin Shrive

2. What Are 10’s & 18’s 10’s List of orders to keep firefighters safe
When followed injuries should be avoided
Have changed over the last 50 years
Deliberate and sequential way to be implemented and applied to all fires

3. What Are 10’s & 18’s 18’s List that shout watch out
More specific and cautionary
Created after the 10’s
Created to help keep fire fighters thinking

4. History Developed by the USDA- Forest Service
Created after the Inaja Fire ( 11 perished )
Task force formed in 1957
Lead by Chief Richard E. McArdle
Reviewed 20 tragic fires that occurred from
Focused on 5 fires where 10 or more firefighters were killed at once
EG: Mann Gulch, Inaja
18 watch out situations established shortly after

5. What did they change 1930’s – 1950’s Heroes were publicly praised
Failures were also publicly singled out
“ Praise and blame “ approach eventually considered unfair:
“same action praised in one situation is criticized in another”
Many called for standardization

6. 10’s or FIRE ORDERS?
Initially called the 10’s, they were made in sequential order.
Memory and reaction times ( human factor) not well understood.
Turned into FIRE ORDERS after the US armed forces General orders
Easier for people to remember
Have recently been switched back to the 10’s

7. So what are the 10’s Original FIRE ORDERS
Keep informed on fire weather conditions and forecasts
Know what your fire is doing at all times – observe personally, use scouts.
Base all actions on current and expected behavior of fire
Have escape routed for everyone and make them known
Post a lookout when there is possible danger
Be alert, keep calm, think clearly, Act decisively
Maintain prompt communication with your men, boss, and adjoining forces
Give clear instructions and be sure they are understood
Maintain control of your men at all times
Fight fire aggressively but provide for safety first.
FIRE ORDERS
Fight fire aggressively but provide for safety first
Initiate all action based on current and expected fire behavior
Recognize current weather conditions and obtain forecasts
Ensure instructions are given and understood
Obtain current information on fire status
Remain in communication with crew members, your supervisor, and adjoining forces
Determine safety zones and escape routes
Establish lookouts in potentially hazardous situations
Retain Control at all times
Stay alert, keep calm, think clearly and act decisively

8. So how do they work
In the original 10’s you can recognize what are needs improvement
EX: failures in standard orders 1-3 might indicate need for training in fire behavior or the failure of standard orders 8 and 9 might indicate need for intensive foremanship training
1-3 refers to fire behavior
4-6 refers to fire line safety
7-9 refers to organizational control

9. How about the 18’s Designed shortly after the 10’s were established
Give specific situation that should shout watch out
Sequentially in order from arrival to a fire to the end
Have not changed in the last 50 years
Keeps fire fighters thinking

10. The 18’s Fire not scouted and sized up.
In country not seen in daylight.
Safety zones and escape routes not identified.
Unfamiliar with weather and local factors influencing fire behavior.
Uninformed on strategy, tactics, and hazards.
Instructions and assignments not clear.
No communication link with crewmembers/supervisors.
Constructing line without safe anchor point.
Building fireline downhill with fire below.
Attempting frontal assault on fire.
Unburned fuel between you and the fire.
Cannot see main fire, not in contact with anyone who can.
On a hillside where rolling material can ignite fuel below.
Weather is getting hotter and drier.
Wind increases and/or changes direction.
Getting frequent spot fires across line.
Terrain and fuels make escape to safety zones difficult.
Taking a nap near the fire line.

11. How Do These Affect RFD Local Fuel and topography Weather Steep slopes
Flashy Fuels
Weather
Dry
Hot
Windy ( santa anas )

12. How Do These Affect RFD Communication Resource Availability
800mhz vs. 150mhz
CAL FIRE San Bernardino vs. Riverside
Repeaters
Resource Availability
Sent On Strike Team
Squadies On Your Hose Line

13. How LCES Was Created
Paul Gleason Former Zig Zag Hotshot Superintendent
Established In June 1991
Encompasses all the 10’s and 18’s
Easy to remember
Easy to continually check and recheck

14. Paul Gleason, June 1991
“A key concept - the LCES system is identified to each firefighter prior to when it must be used. The nature of wildland fire suppression dictates continuously evaluating and, when necessary, re-establishing LCES as time and fire growth progress. “
“These are the same items stressed in the FIRE ORDERS and "Watchout" Situations. I prefer to look at them from a "systems" point of view, that is, as being interconnected and dependent on each other. It is not only important to evaluate each one of these items individually but also together they must be evaluated as a system. For example, the best safety zone is of no value if your escape route does not offer you timely access when needed. “

15. LCES
Look Outs
Communication
Escape Routes
Safety Zones

16. Lookout No only for your self but your crew
Lookout(s) or scouts (roving lookouts) need to be in a position where both the objective hazard and the firefighter (s) can be seen.
The whole idea is when the objective hazard becomes a danger the lookout relays the information to the firefighter so they can reposition to the safety zone.

17. Communication Right Radio Right Channel Clear Communication
Work Of Mouth
Orders and objectives Understood

18. Escape Routes
Escape Routes are the path the firefighter takes from their current locations, exposed to the danger, to an area free from danger.
Route(S) : Should always have more then one way out.
Continue to update and recognize these routes as you work and terrain changes

19. Safety Zones
Safety Zone(s) are locations where the threatened firefighter may find refuge from the danger
These ARE NOT shelter deployment zones
Safety zones should be constructed and planned as a location where no shelter is needed
Fireline intensity and safety zone topographic location determine safety zone effectiveness

20. Questions
Thank You
Kevin Shrive