1. In The Name of Allah The Most Beneficent The Most Merciful

2. M.R.I Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Group Members:
EE M Aqil Yousaf
EE M Talha
M.R.I Magnetic Resonance Imaging

3. Introduction In this presentation the topic under discussion will be
MRI introduction
Nuclear Spin Properties
Block Diagram
Applications
Limitations

4. Intensity wise differentiation
MRI
MRI introduction
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a test that uses a magnetic field and pulses of radio wave energy to make pictures of organs and structures inside the body
Intensity wise differentiation
Fat high (whitish)
Muscle intermediate (gray)
Ligaments & Tendons low (dark gray)
Immature Scar intermediate - low

5. MRI introduction
History Background
In the 1950s, Herman Carr reported on the creation of a one-dimensional MRI image. Paul Lauterbur expanded on Carr's technique and developed a way to generate the first MRI images, in 2D and 3D, using gradients. In 1973, Lauterbur published the first nuclear magnetic resonance image. and the first cross-sectional image of a living mouse was published in January 1974

6. Procedure MRI introduction
Magnetic nuclei are abundant in the human body (H,C,Na,P,K) and spin randomly
Since most of the body is H2O, the Hydrogen nucleus is especially prevalent
Patient is placed in a static magnetic field
Magnetized protons (spinning H nuclei) in the patient align in this field like compass needles
Radio frequency (RF) pulses then bombard the magnetized nuclei causing them to flip around
The nuclei absorb the RF energy and enter an excited state
When the magnet is turned off, excited nuclei return to normal state & give off RF energy
The energy given off reflect the number of protons in a “slice” of tissue
Different tissues absorb & give off different amounts of RF energy (different resonances)
The RF energy given off is picked up by the receiver coil & transformed into images

8. What kinds of nuclei can be used for ?
MRI introduction
What kinds of nuclei can be used for ?
Nucleus needs to have 2 properties:
Spin
charge
Nuclei are made of protons and neutrons
Both have spin ½
Protons have charge
Pairs of spins tend to cancel, so only atoms with an odd number of protons or neutrons have spin
Good MR nuclei are 1H, 13C, 19F, 23Na, 31P

9. Hydrogen atoms are best for MRI
Nuclear Spin Properties
Hydrogen atoms are best for MRI
Biological tissues are predominantly 12C, 16O, 1H, and 14N
Hydrogen atom is the only major species that is MR sensitive
Hydrogen is the most abundant atom in the body
The majority of hydrogen is in water (H2O)
Essentially all MRI is hydrogen (proton) imaging

10. A Single Proton Nuclear Spin Properties m
There is electric charge
on the surface of the proton, thus creating a small current loop and generating magnetic moment m.
The proton also has mass which generates an
angular momentum
J when it is spinning. J + + +
Thus proton “magnet” differs from the magnetic bar in that it
also possesses angular momentum caused by spinning.

11. How do protons interact with a magnetic field ?
Nuclear Spin Properties
How do protons interact with a magnetic field ?
Moving (spinning) charged particle generates its own little magnetic field
Such particles will tend to line up with external magnetic field lines (think of iron filings around a magnet)
Spinning particles with mass have angular momentum
Angular momentum resists attempts to change the spin orientation (think of a gyroscope)

12. Machine Working
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic technology that produces physiologic images based on the use of magnetic and radio frequency (RF) fields. The MRI system uses powerful magnets to create a magnetic field which forces hydrogen atoms in the body into a particular alignment (resonance). Radio frequency energy is then distributed over the patient, which is disrupted by body tissue. The disruptions correspond to varying return signals which, when processed, create the image.

13. Application Clinical neurology – Segmentation and classification
– Measuring volumes of brain structures
– Multiple sclerosis, stroke, …
Cardiology
– Either need to image fast, or deal with heart motion!
Cancer
–colorectal, liver, prostate, …
Soft tissue damage
– Cartilage, ligaments, …

14. Limitations of MRI
Some patients experience claustrophobia and have difficulty in cooperating with the study. 
Some obese patients cannot be examined.
Some patients, particularly acutely ill patients, cannot cooperate and movement artifacts may result. 
Patient throughput is slow compared with other imaging modalities. 
Patients with pacemakers and certain ferromagnetic appliances cannot be studied.
Greater technological expertise is required for performance of MRI than for most other imaging modalities. 
MRI equipment is expensive to purchase, maintain, and operate.
Claustrophobia: Fear due to small room
Obese: موٹے

15. Questions Please !!!