1. Industrial Revolution Begins

2. Revolution in Great Britain
1700s = change in technology
energy source changed from human & animal power to machinery
Industrial Revolution occurred when use of power-driven machinery was developed
this started in Great Britain
WHAT PROVIDED THE ENERGY FOR WORKING BEFORE MACHINES?
(different phrasing) WHO OR WHAT DID THE WORK?
possible answer: humans and animals

3. Factors for Success in Great Britain
exploration and colonialism
power of the sea
political stability
government support
growth of private investment
exploration and colonialism
HOW COULD EXPLORATION AND COLONIALISM HELP GREAT BRITAIN INDUSTRIALIZE?
possible answer: vast amounts of raw material and new markets of consumers
power of the sea
HOW WOULD HAVING A GOOD CONTROL OF THE SEA HELP GREAT BRITAIN?
(different phrasing) HOW WERE RAW MATERIALS AND GOODS TRANSPORTED?
possible answer: can bring raw materials to GB and send finished product out
political stability
when at peace in the homeland, general daily living thrives, including commerce
no battles to fight=more money to spend
government support
Great Britain had laws that favored business
this helped Great Britain compete against other nations
growth of private investment
new businesses need investors to get the start up money to begin
today = “research and development”

4. Agricultural Factors 1701  Jethro Tull invented seed drill
landowners bought up small farms and consolidated them in the enclosure movement
seed drill = planted grain at even intervals
much more efficient
better breeding methods for animals and varieties of food crops were developed, as well
increasing food supply meant the population could increase too
enclosure movement
the land bought up was not all farmed  some land was converted into large pastures for the grazing of animals, such as sheep
WHAT ABOUT THE SMALL FARMERS? WHAT HAPPENED TO THEM?
possible answer: they moved to the cities
IF THEIR LAND WAS BOUGHT UP, WHERE DID THEY GO?

5. Factors of Production: Land
Great Britain had great natural resources
coal for fuel
iron for steel & machinery
waterways (rivers & canals) to generate power and transport raw materials and goods
land = all of a place’s natural resources
mid 1700s  England had about 1,000 miles of canals
By 1800  4,000 miles of canals
Great Britain also had deepwater harbors to create ports for long-distance shipping

6. map on left shows coal fields and iron ore deposits
map on right shows rivers that could be use for transporting and canals
NOTICE HOW THE CANALS ARE NEAR THE COAL FIELDS AND IRON ORE DEPOSITS

7. Factors of Production: Labor
Great Britain’s population grew because of greater food supply
enclosure movement took land away from small farmers
resulted in surplus of available workers
people who lost their farmland were often entire families, who then moved to the cities to work in industry

8. Factors of Production: Capital
capital is the money or property a business needs to stay in business
capital can be money, machines, or people
people who specialized in one area had abilities and skills to their advantages
people like Jethro Tull and other inventors were among this group of specialized people

9. A Revolution in Textiles
a cottage industry is an occupation in which you make a craft and it is done in your home
making cloth had been a cottage industry
cloth was made mostly with wool
How was cloth made before machines did it?
possible answer: people did it at home
What happened to these skilled people when machines started taking their jobs?
possible answer: out of work, went to the cities to get jobs in the new factories

10. A New Way of Making Cloth
cloth was now made from wool and cotton
more sheep could be raised due to the enclosure movement
cotton came to Great Britain from the colonies
new inventions helped the process of cloth making
WHERE DID THE COTTON COME FROM?
possible answer: colonies in India and North America
WHO HARVESTED THE COTTON?
possible answer: slaves (but that is a topic that has been discussed already with the slave trade and is better covered in US history)

11. Cotton Gin invented by Eli Whitney removed seeds from raw cotton
invented by Whitney in 1793
HOW WERE THE SEEDS REMOVED BEFORE THE COTTON GIN?
possible answer: by hand

12. Spinning Jenny invented by James Hargreaves
spun multiple threads at one time
threads were still thick and broke easily
invented in 1764

13. Spinning Frame invented by Richard Arkwright
similar to the spinning jenny
spun stronger, thinner threads
invented in 1768
the spinning frame spun cotton fiber into threads

14. “Flying Shuttle” invented by John Kay
pushed thread back and forth on loom automatically
had been done by the weaver pushing the shuttle back and forth
allowed for looms to be wider than arm’s width
invented in 1733
the flying shuttle doubled the speed at which a worker could do the job
many workers lost their jobs and Kay fled to France to die in poverty

15. Power Loom invented by Edmund Cartwright in 1785
automated the weaving process
was invented because faster spinning machines created demand for faster weaving machines
much larger and faster than any previous weaving system

16. Cloth Making Outside the Home
new inventions to speed up the cloth making process were big machines
machines needed a special place to house them
cloth now made in FACTORIES
WHERE WOULD ALL OF THESE NEW MACHINES TO MAKE CLOTH GO?
possible answer: factories
in 1770, England produced about 50,000 bolts of cloth
by 1800, it had increased to 400,000 bolts

17. Steam Powers the Revolution
steam is created when water is heated to the point of vaporizing
water vapors expand when hot
steam engines were invented in 1712 by Thomas Newcomen

18. Newcomen Steam Engine

19. Development of the Steam Engine
James Watt innovated Newcomen’s steam engine to be more efficient
Watt’s engine was better suited for factories
1802  Richard Trevithick put a steam engine in first locomotive
1807  Robert Fulton developed the first steamship
WHAT IS AN ADVANTAGE OF STEAM POWER OVER WATER POWER FOR USE IN FACTORIES?
possible answer: a factory doesn’t have to be near a waterway, meaning factories could also be nearer cities and/or ports where finished product had to end up
steam-powered trains made it possible to ship finished goods faster
steamships replaced sailing ships on the open sea and horse-drawn barges in canals

20. Coal for British Steam Engines
coal mining industry in northern and western England grew
by 1800, Great Britain produced 80% of Europe’s coal
mining was dangerous
explosions
coal dust
collapsing shafts
hard labor
children were hired to slip down narrow shafts and pick and haul coal
their lives were hard and many became “crooked and deformed”

21. Exit Ticket
What are the three factors of production that we discussed?
What is an example of each of these factors that Great Britain had?
How did the early inventions help the textile industry change from a cottage industry to an industry performed in factories?