1. ITU Forum on "Human Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (EMFs) in Latin America" Session 1: The other side of ICT convergence: EMF exposure and issues Montevideo, ​Uruguay, 13 March 2014 Electromagnetic Compatibility & EMF exposure: An Integral approach 1

2. Outline EMF Exposure 2 Electromagnetic Compatibility Conclusions

3. Electromagnetic Compatibility 3

4. Definitions EMC - Electromagnetic Compatibility – The ability of a device or system to function without error in its intended electromagnetic environment. EMI - Electromagnetic Interference – Electromagnetic emissions from a device or system that interfere with the normal operation of another device or system 4

5. Electromagnetic Compatibility EMC – The ability of an electronic device to be electromagnetically compatible with its environment. (pollution analogy) – Does NOT cause interferences with other systems – Is NOT susceptible to emissions from other systems – Does NOT cause interference with itself 5

6. Interference Interference occurs if the received energy causes the receptor to behave in an undesired manner Electronic devices produce electromagnetic (EM) emissions (radiation), but we classify them as – Intentional Rad. – designed to produce EM radiation (TV trans., cell phones, radar etc) – Unintentional Rad. – not designed to produce EM radiation (computer, auto ignition, etc.) 6

7. RF and health: exposure to non- ionising radiation A biological effect is any measurable physiological response to EMF exposure ….not necessarily hazardous…this must be evaluated An adverse health effect is a biological effect outside the body's normal range of physiological compensation that is detrimental to health or well-being 7 Fuente: Jafar Keshvari, scientific basis of the EMF exposure standards, ITU-Quito, Ago, 2013

8. Limits and Thresholds IEC CENELEC CISPR IEEE ITU 8 (**)Fuente: Víctor Cruz Ornetta, ITU Workshop on Human Exposure, Quito Ecuador, 2013. (*)Fuente: Ferran Silva, UPC, Red Pucará, CYTED, 2002. ICNIRP IEEE (*) (**)

9. General case Each of these three elements must be present although they may not be readily identified in every situation: – A source of an electromagnetic phenomenon – A receptor (or victim) that cannot function properly due to the electromagnetic phenomenon – A path between them that allows the source to interfere with the receptor. Electromagnetic compatibility problems are generally solved by identifying at least two of these elements and eliminating (or attenuating) one of them. Potential sources of electromagnetic compatibility problems include radio transmitters, power lines, electronic circuits, lightning, lamp dimmers, electric motors, arc welders, solar flares and just about anything that utilizes or creates electromagnetic energy. Potential receptors include radio receivers, electronic circuits, appliances, people, and just about anything that utilizes or can detect electromagnetic energy. Methods of coupling electromagnetic energy from a source to a receptor fall into one of four categories. 1. Conducted (electric current) 2. Inductively coupled (magnetic field) 3. Capacitively coupled (electric field) 4. Radiated (electromagnetic field) 9

10. The basic decomposition of the EMC coupling problem To reduce interference at the receiver/victim: – Suppress source emissions Modify electronics, shielding, filtering, turn off source – Make coupling path as inefficient as possible Move receiver away from the source – Make receiver less susceptible to emissions Modify receiver electronics or shielding Usually best to work from left to right Source (emitter) Transfer (coupling path) Receptor (Victim) Un/Intentional Rad. 10

11. The basic decomposition of the EMC coupling problem To reduce interference at the receiver/victim: … Source (emitter) Transfer (coupling path) Receptor (Victim) Un/Intentional Rad. 11

12. EMF: Stakeholders actions (Ex. App to mobile) Manufacturers of base stations and operators can : Co-location of antennas where practicable Use best practice engineering for antennas and base station compliance Optimize the antenna network (more antennas less individual exposure) Manufacturers of mobile phones Optimize the phone radiation part design Users: If mobile phones users are worried they can reduce their exposure by Using hands-free kits Using loud-speaker option Texting instead of calling Reducing call times Policymakers Adopt international standards/Recommendations On spot measurements and continuous monitoring Management of public acceptance: Less public risk perception Municipalities and barriers 12

13. Conclusions Since the receptor (human) can not be modified, you must resolve the problem of electromagnetic compatibility EMF exposure, both in the source and/or the path. Given the scientific uncertainty, and susceptibility that has been generated in the population, intervention is required from everyone involved acting in coordination. 13

14. Muchas Gracias! Thank you! 14