1. European Imperialism 1880-1920
Chapter 14, Sections 1-4

2. Imperialism
Imperialism is the extension of a nation’s power over other lands
1800s brought new focus
Two forms:
Indirect Rule – Local rulers allowed to maintain position
Direct Rule – Local rulers removed, replaced w/leaders from mother country
Motives?
Search for raw materials like cloves, pepper, tea, and silk
Nations wanted to gain advantage over rival nations
National prestige
White Man’s Burden – responsibility to civilize “primitive” people

3. Imperialism in Southeast Asia
Britain
Singapore
Major stopping point for trade going to China
Burma
Land route to South China
Difficult terrain caused this plan to fail
France
Vietnam
Forced leaders to accept French protection, making it a protectorate, to defend it from Britain
Thailand
Fought over between France and Britain
Leaders promoted European education
Allowed to remain independent as a “buffer state” between the two nations

4. Imperialism in Southeast Asia Cont’d
United States
Philippines
Acquired through Spanish-American War
Gave U.S. a launching point to trade w/China
Economies
Colonies developed raw materials and sent to mother country
Mother country used industry to create and sell products
Did not want colonies gaining industry
What kind of benefits could come for the mother country? The colony?
Resistance
At first – peasant revolts, uprisings
Later – educated native peoples brought up through European rule began to use nationalism to resist

5. Imperialism in Africa West Africa (Britain, France, Germany)
Slave trade had died out
Peanuts, timber, hides, and palm oil to trade
Gold Coast the primary target
British annex, or incorporate into their state
North Africa (Britain, France, Italy)
Egypt had gained independence in 1805
Led by Muhammad Ali
Growing economy led to construction of Suez Canal connecting Mediterranean and Red Seas
British see importance of Suez Canal, buy Egypt’s share
Egyptians are mad, revolt
British stop revolts, take Egypt as a protectorate in 1914

6. Imperialism in Africa Cont’d
Central Africa (Britain, Belgium, France)
David Livingstone, a British explorer, traveled the jungles of Central Africa
Henry Stanley sent to find Livingstone, continued his work when he passed away
King Leopold II of Belgium pushed for colonization of the area
Hired Henry Stanley to help
Set up settlements in the Congo
East Africa (Britain, Germany)
Britain wanted territory to stretch from South Africa to Egypt
Germany wanted an empire like other European powers
Berlin Conference ( ) divided the land between the two
No African representatives allowed to attend

7. Imperialism in Africa Cont’d
South Africa
Boers were original Dutch settlers
British seized lands during Napoleonic Wars, invited citizens ( )
Boers, sick of British rule, move to area above Vaal River
Put the indigenous, or native, peoples on reservations
Boers constantly fighting native groups
Boer Wars
First was
Second ( ) saw British take Boer lands
Cecil Rhodes, in charge of British South Africa, wants Boer lands because of diamonds and gold
To make Boers happy British allow limited self government and only whites and few blacks with property could vote

8. Imperialism in Africa Cont’d
Colonial Rule in Africa
Most countries relied on indirect rule
Less costs, effort
Also kept one family in power, preventing change
Some used direct rule
Official from mother country at top
Helped govern alongside indigenous peoples
Rise of African Nationalism
European educational programs created a new group of African leaders
Suppression by colonial rulers led to resentment
Africans could only work certain jobs, make certain amount of money
Few voting or political rights
Out of this came national pride and a desire to rule themselves (nationalism)

9. Colonialism in India Background Sepoy Mutiny
British had taken Mogul Empire during period of internal weakness
To rule, British had soldiers, forts, and sepoys, or hired Indian soldiers
British ruled through a viceroy, or a governor that acted as the monarch
Sepoy Mutiny
Began when British gave sepoys new bullets greased with cow and pig fat
Cow sacred to Hindu, pig taboo to Muslims
Sepoys attacked and killed 50 European men, women, and children
Indians outnumbered British 230,000 to 40,000, but Muslims and Hindu would not work together
British win
Queen Victoria named Empress of India in 1876
India becomes “Crown Jewel” of British Empire

10. Colonialism in India Cont’d
Positives of British rule
Order and stability
Education, military
Railroads, telegraph, postal service
Negatives of British rule
Education and military only covered top 10% of population
British industries beat Indian industries (cotton vs food)
Use of zamindars increased
Indian culture under British rule
Educators, authors, and political and social leaders emerged to challenge British
Novels, poems, and teachings encouraged continued Indian cultural practices

11. Colonialism in India Cont’d
Indian nationalist movement
Primarily upper class, educated Indian citizens
1885 – Indian National Congress (INC) meets to call for a share in governing
Separation of Hindu and Muslim beliefs caused problems
1915 – Return of Mohandas Gandhi from Britain and South Africa
Peaceful calls for action would end British reign in India

12. Fall of Nationalism in Latin America
Background
Creoles, or descendants of Europeans and native Latin Americans encourage equal rights
Peninsulares maintained Spanish and Portuguese power and practices
Napoleon’s victories in Europe weakened their power in Central America
1804 – Haiti is first to declare freedom when slaves rise up against French rulers
Revolt in Mexico
Miguel Hidalgo ( ) starts revolution
Sept. 16, 1810 – Uprising occurs but is squashed, Hidalgo is ordered to die
1821 – Creoles and Peninsulares work together to overthrow Spanish, set up government…Agustin de Iturbide is selected as leader

13. Fall of Nationalism in Latin America Cont’d
Revolt in South America
Jose de San Martin (Argentina) and Simon Bolivar (Venezuela) fighting to get Spanish out of South America
By 1824, most of South America free of European control
U.S. Intervention
Concert of Europe still wants to go back and take LA
U.S. Prez James Monroe issues Monroe Doctrine, warning against any European interference in Western Hemisphere
Britain works as an ally with U.S., using it’s navy to keep other nations from entering LA

14. Fall of Nationalism in Latin America Cont’d
Challenges of building nations
Not sure of new boundaries, nations go to war
Poor roads, bridges, railroad tracks, made travel difficult
Small amount of families owned most land
Caudillos
Strong leaders ruling by military force
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna and Benito Juarez of Mexico
New Imperialism
Spain and Portugal replaced by Britain and U.S.

15. Fall of Nationalism in Latin America Cont’d
Political change
U.S. responsible for political leaders changing, countries rebelling
Looking out for U.S. interests
Landed elite held more power than lower classes
Economy
Middle class began to grow
Spread of industry, more jobs
Still a large gap between rich and poor

16. Exit Slip
Define imperialism
Describe the Sepoy Mutiny