1. Anatomy & Physiology OMHS
The Skeletal System
Anatomy & Physiology
OMHS

2. Learning Targets: I can…
identify the skeletal subdivisions, major bones, and joints of the human body.
describe the functions of the skeletal system.
compare and contrast different types of bone tissue and bone cells.
explain homeostasis of the skeletal system.
describe different skeletal disorders.

3. I. Functions of Bone
Support – provides framework, supports soft tissues and provides points of attachment for skeletal muscles
Protection – internal organs are protected by skeleton, ex. Heart and lungs are protected by ribs

4. Functions - continued
3. Movement – when muscles contract, they pull on bones and produce movement
4. Mineral Storage – homeostasis mechanism that deposits and removes calcium and phosphorus on demand

5. Functions - continued
5. Blood Cell production – red bone marrow produces blood cells; a process called hematopoiesis
6. Storage of energy – yellow bone marrow stores lipids, an important source of chemical energy

6. II. Classification of bones
Bones are grouped according to their shape
Long – legs, toes, arms, fingers
Short- wrist, ankle
Flat – cranial, sternum, ribs, scapulas
Irregular – vertebrae

7. III. Histology of Bone Tissue
The matrix consists of mineral salts (calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate)
Bone may be classified as compact or spongy

8. Histology of Bone Tissue (cont.)
Compact Bone – dense layer of bone containing Haversian canal, lamellae (rings of matrix); between lamellae are lacunae that house the osteocytes.
Spongy bone – has irregular spaces that help reduce the weight of the bone; the site of hemopoiesis

9. Hemopoiesis (or Hematopoiesis)
The process through which blood cells are formed and differentiated into …
red cells (erythrocytes) – most abundant
white cells (leukocytes) – defense system
platelets (thrombocytes) – clotting agents

10. Histology of Bone Tissue (cont.)
Diaphysis – shaft of bone; contains compact bone surrounding yellow marrow (fat storage)
Epiphysis –ends of bone; made of spongy bone (site of hematopoiesis)
Periosteum- tough connective tissue that covers the bone; continuous with tendons and ligaments

12. Bone Cells
Osteoprogenitor cells (bone stem cells) give rise to osteoblasts. (baby bone cell)
Osteoblasts - cells that form bone; when they become isolated in the matrix, they become mature bone cells (teenager) Osteocytes – mature bone cells (grandfather)
Osteoclasts - function in reabsorption of bone (they destroy bone) (cut down bone)

13. Bone Hardening
Osteoblasts lay down the osteiod matrix (protein) in lamellae or layers.
The calcified or hard salts of the matrix are laid down later. The salts come from the blood supply (Haversian canal) and move through the lamallae using the canaliculi (small tubes throughout matrix).
Bone growth & hardening is stimulated by stress. Therefore, exercise is important to maintain bone health.

15. Homeostasis of bone tissue (cont)
Osteoclasts and osteoblasts are constantly reforming and restructuring bone; but the total mass of bone remains fairly constant
When the body needs calcium, osteoclasts destroy bone to release calcium into the bloodstream
Therefore, you must include calcium in your diet so that osteoblasts can re-form bone

16. Minerals – calcium and phosphorus must be included in the diet
Homeostasis (cont.)
Minerals – calcium and phosphorus must be included in the diet
Vitamins – vit. D is required for the absorption of calcium; vit. C is required to maintain the matrix; vit. A regulates bone remodeling activity; vit. B12 may also help

17. Hormones needed for bone tissue activity:
Homeostasis (cont.)
Hormones needed for bone tissue activity:
1. Human growth hormone is responsible for the growth of bones
2. Estrogen & testosterone aid in new bone growth
3. Calcitonin promotes bone formation and decreases blood calcium level
4. Parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium level (promotes destr. of bone)

18. Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is caused when a person’s bone density drops significantly.
Osteoporosis happens when osteoclast activity is greater than osteoblast activity.
It is especially prevalent is post-menopausal women because of the drop in estrogen.
Treatments – increase in hormones such as calcitonin, testosterone, & estrogen.
Exercise is also beneficial because increases stress on the bone which aids in bone development.

19. 6 Different Types of Synovial Joints:
V. Types of Joints
3 types of joints:
Fibrous- skull
Cartilaginous- vertebrae
Synovial- articulating bones
6 Different Types of Synovial Joints:
Ball and socket (hip)
Ellipsoidal (metacarpals)
Gliding (wrist)
Hinge (elbow)
Pivot (ulna & radius)
Saddle (wrist & thumb)

20. V. Types of Joints

21. 1: Ball and socket joint;
2: Ellipsoid joint (Condyloid); 3: Saddle joint;
4 Hinge joint; 5: Pivot joint;

22. Bone Marrow Transplant
When bone marrow is transplanted it is taken from the donor during surgery using a long needle inserted into the superior end of the femur (2% of bone marrow is taken).
The bone marrow is then given intravenously (IV- through the vein) into the circulatory system.
The bone marrow then travels to the bones, since it is a stem cell it replicates quickly and takes root in all of the bones.