1. Electrons and the EM Spectrum

2. Let’s light stuff on fire! 

3. Models of the Atom
So far, the model of the atom consists of protons and neutrons making up a nucleus surrounded by electrons. After performing the gold foil experiment, Rutherford hypothesized a model of the atom that looked much like the one below.

4. What about the electrons??
Rutherford didn’t know exactly where the electrons were located in the atom, just that they surrounded it, or why chemical bonding occurred.
Bohr figured out that electrons orbit in energy levels around the atom.

5. The Bohr Model
Niels Bohr ( ) was a student of Rutherford and believed the model needed improvement.
Bohr proposed that an
electron is found only in
specific circular paths, or
orbits, around the nucleus.
(write this in before “However, this model….”)

6. Models of the Atom
However, this model could not explain the chemical and physical properties of the elements.

7. 1. why metals give off certain colors when heated in a flame -or-
Models of the Atom
For example it could not explain:
1. why metals give off certain colors when heated in a flame or-
2 .why objects heated to high temperatures first glow dull red, then yellow, then white

8. So what is light?

9. Light is all about the Electrons!
Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation that travels like a wave through space as PHOTONS.
When electrons get excited, they jump up to higher energy levels and then fall back down
Depending on how high they jump, they will give off a different color of LIGHT

11. Atomic Emission Spectra
excited state
ENERGY IN
PHOTON OUT
GAIN energy
LOSE energy
ground state

12. Energy of Electrons
When atoms are heated, bright lines appear called line spectra
An electron absorbs energy to “jump” to a higher energy level. (excited)
When an electron falls to a lower energy level, energy is emitted. (ground level state)

13. Emission Spectrum

14. Atomic Emission Spectra
Every element has a UNIQUE emission spectrum. The colors that you see represent the element’s electrons jumping through the energy levels!
LONG JUMPS are represented by HIGH energy colors (violet & blue)
SHORT JUMPS are represented by LOW energy colors (red).

15. EM Spectrum
HIGH
ENERGY
LOW
ENERGY
C. Johannesson

16. EM Spectrum HIGH ENERGY LOW ENERGY R O Y G. B I V red orange yellow
green
blue
indigo
violet

17. Properties of Light
Movement of excited electrons to lower energy levels, and the subsequent release of energy, is seen as light! Before 1900, scientists thought light behaved solely as a wave. This belief changed when it was later discovered that light also has particle-like characteristics. This is called the wave-particle duality of light.

18. First, Let’s look at the WAVE nature of light
Light as a WAVE

19. Wave Properties 
crest
trough
Lesser frequency A
greater frequency

20. Properties of Light
The significant feature of wave motion is its repetitive nature, which can be characterized by the measurable properties of wavelength and frequency.

21. Waves Wavelength () - length of one complete wave
Frequency (f) - # of waves that pass a point during a certain time period
hertz (Hz) = 1/s

22. Properties of Light
Electromagnetic radiation is a form of energy that exhibits wavelike behavior (wavelength, frequency, ect) as it travels through space. Together all forms of electromagnetic radiation form the electromagnetic spectrum.

23. On the electromagnetic spectrum, the lowest energy waves (longest wavelength and lowest frequency) are radio waves. The highest energy waves (shortest wavelength and highest frequency) are gamma rays.

24. FREQUENCY and WAVELENGTH are INVERSELY proportional. (f ↑ ↓)
ENERGY and FREQUENCY are DIRECTLY proportional. (E↑ f ↑)

25. Now, let’s look at the PARTICLE nature of light
Light as a PARTICLE

26. Properties of Light
In the early 1900’s, scientists conducted experiments involving interactions of light and matter that could not be explained by the wave theory of light.

27. Properties of Light
One experiment involved a phenomenon known as the photoelectric effect. The discovery of the photoelectric effect led to the description of light as having both wave and particle properties.

28. A Quantum of light energy is called a PHOTON.

29. c = f EM Spectrum c: speed of light (3.00  108 m/s)
Frequency & wavelength are inversely proportional
c = f
c: speed of light (3.00  108 m/s)
: wavelength (m, nm, etc.)
f: frequency (Hz)

30. Example 1
If the frequency of a wave is 500 hz, what is the wavelength? C = λf C = 3.0 x 108 m/s f = 500 hz λ = ? 3.0 x 108 = 500 x λ λ = 600,000 m One sig fig or 6 x 105

31. Quantum Theory
The energy of a photon is proportional to its frequency.
E = hf
E: energy (J, joules)
h: Planck’s constant (6.626  J·s)
f: frequency (Hz)

32. Example 2
What is the energy of a wave if the frequency is 300. hz? E = hf f= 300. hz h = x E = 300. x x E = 1.99 x sig figs

33. Example 3
If the energy of a wave is x J, find frequency and wavelength
E = hf
E= 9.00 x hz
h = x 10-34
9.00x = x x f
f = 1.36 x 1015 hz sig figs

34. If the energy of a wave is 9
If the energy of a wave is x J, find frequency and wavelength
C = λf If f = 1.36 x 1015 hz C = 3.00 x 108 m/s 3.00 x 108 m/s = λ x 1.36 x 1015 λ = 2.21 x 10 -7m 3 sig figs.