1. Data Analysis Using SPSS t-test

2. t-test Used to test whether there is significant difference between the means of two groups, e.g.: Used to test whether there is significant difference between the means of two groups, e.g.: Male v femaleMale v female Full-time v part-timeFull-time v part-time

3. t-test Typical hypotheses for t-test: Typical hypotheses for t-test: a)There is no difference in affective commitment (affcomm) between male and female employees b)There is no difference in continuance commitment (concomm) between male and female employees c)There is no difference in normative commitment (norcomm) between male and female employees

4. Performing T-test Analyze → Compare Means → Independent-Samples T-test

7. Performing T-test Select the variables to test (Test Variables), in this case: Select the variables to test (Test Variables), in this case: affcommaffcomm concommconcomm norcommnorcomm And bring the variables to the “Test Variables” box And bring the variables to the “Test Variables” box

10. Performing T-test Select the grouping variable, i.e. gender; bring it to the “grouping variable” box Select the grouping variable, i.e. gender; bring it to the “grouping variable” box Click “Define Groups” Click “Define Groups”

12. Performing T-test Choose “Use specified values” Choose “Use specified values” Key in the codes for the variable “gender” as used in the “Value Labels”. In this case: Key in the codes for the variable “gender” as used in the “Value Labels”. In this case: 1 - Male 2 - Female Click “Continue”, then “OK” Click “Continue”, then “OK”

14. T-Test: SPSS Output

15. T-test: SPSS Output

16. From the SPSS output, we are able to see that the means of the respective variables for the two groups are: From the SPSS output, we are able to see that the means of the respective variables for the two groups are: Affective commitment (affcomm)Affective commitment (affcomm) Male 3.49720 Female 3.38016 Male 3.49720 Female 3.38016 Continuance commitment (concomm)Continuance commitment (concomm) Male 3.18838 Female 3.15159 Male 3.18838 Female 3.15159 Normative commitment (norcomm)Normative commitment (norcomm) Male 3.24090 Female 3.27540 Male 3.24090 Female 3.27540

17. T-test: Interpretation For the variable “affcomm” For the variable “affcomm” Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances shows that F (1.048) is not significant (0.306)* therefore the “Equal variances assumed” row will be used for the t- test.Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances shows that F (1.048) is not significant (0.306)* therefore the “Equal variances assumed” row will be used for the t- test. * This score (sig.) has to be 0.05 or less to be considered significant.

18. T-test: Interpretation Under the “t-test for Equality of Means” look at “Sig. (2-tailed)” for “Equal variances assumed”. Under the “t-test for Equality of Means” look at “Sig. (2-tailed)” for “Equal variances assumed”. The score is 0.035 (which is less than 0.05), therefore there is a significant difference between the means of the two groups. The score is 0.035 (which is less than 0.05), therefore there is a significant difference between the means of the two groups.

19. T-test: Interpretation

20. For the variable “concomm” For the variable “concomm” Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances shows that F (5.353) is significant (0.021)* therefore the “Equal variances not assumed” row will be used for the t- test.Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances shows that F (5.353) is significant (0.021)* therefore the “Equal variances not assumed” row will be used for the t- test. * This score (sig.) is less than 0.05, so there is significant different in the variances of the two groups.

21. T-test: Interpretation Under the “t-test for Equality of Means” look at “Sig. (2-tailed)” for “Equal variances not assumed”. Under the “t-test for Equality of Means” look at “Sig. (2-tailed)” for “Equal variances not assumed”. The score is 0.503 (which is more than 0.05), therefore there is no significant difference between the means of the two groups. The score is 0.503 (which is more than 0.05), therefore there is no significant difference between the means of the two groups.

22. T-test: Interpretation

23. For the variable “norcomm” For the variable “norcomm” Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances shows that F (0.656) is not significant (0.418)* therefore the “Equal variances are assumed” row will be used for the t- test.Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances shows that F (0.656) is not significant (0.418)* therefore the “Equal variances are assumed” row will be used for the t- test. * This score (sig.) is more than 0.05, so there is no significant different in the variances of the two groups.

24. T-test: Interpretation Under the “t-test for Equality of Means” look at “Sig. (2-tailed)” for “Equal variances assumed”. Under the “t-test for Equality of Means” look at “Sig. (2-tailed)” for “Equal variances assumed”. The score is 0.497 (which is more than 0.05), therefore there is no significant difference between the means of the two groups. The score is 0.497 (which is more than 0.05), therefore there is no significant difference between the means of the two groups.