1. Atoms Proton, + charge, 1 amu Neutron, 0 charge, 1 amu
Electron, - charge, 0 amu
AMU = atomic mass unit
Smaller units called quarks make up protons and neutrons

2. Atomic Structure
There are 4 main energy levels around an atom where electrons are found. They are divided into sublevels called orbitals, each orbital holds 2 electrons.
S = 1 orbital = 2 electrons
P = 3 orbitals = 6 electrons
D = 5 orbitals = 10 electrons
F = 7 orbitals = 14 electrons

3. Atomic Structure 1st energy level = s = 2 electrons
2nd energy level = sp = 8 electrons
3rd energy level = spd = 18 electrons
4th energy level = spdf = 32 electrons

4. Atomic Terms Element, matter made up of all the same atoms
Mass Number, sum of protons and neutrons in the atom
Atomic Number, number of protons, always a whole number
Atomic Mass Number, the average of all the isotopes of an element

5. Atomic Stuff Four Fundamental Forces that work in an atom.
1.) Electromagnetic Force, keeps electrons around the nucleus
2.) Strong force, holds the nucleus together
3.) Weak Force, radioactivity,
4.) Gravity, responsible for atomic interactions

6. More Atomic Terms!!
Isotope, atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons, usually radioactive.
Substance, matter that has the same properties throughout, could be an element or compound.
Compound, substance made up of two or more elements. Formulas are used to represent compounds, H2O, CO2

7. Periodic Table
Created by Dimitri Mendeleev, Russian, 1869, he organized atoms according to their atomic weight
Henry Moseley, British, 1914, rearranged the table by atomic number, currently used today.
Groups or families, each vertical column, they have similar properties and the same number of valence or outer electrons

8. More !?!?
Periods or rows, horizontal rows in the table, each row has the same number of energy levels
Each chemical is represented by the first or first two letters in the elements name, the first letter is always capitalized.
Alkali Metals, 1st column, very reactive metals
Alkali Earth Metals, 2nd Column, not quite as reactive metals

9. More and More!?!?
Transition Elements, columns 3-12, typical metals, iron, copper, etc.
Metals, all the elements to the left of the metalloids, conduct heat & electricity, shiny, malleable (beaten and formed), ductile (drawn into wires)
Metalloids, diagonal column of elements between metals and nonmetals, they have metallic and nonmetallic properties

10. Still more
Halogens, second to last column of elements, group 17, very reactive gases, halogen means “salt former” reacts with metals to form salts
Noble Gases, last column, unreactive, inert gases
Nonmetals, all elements to the right of the metalloids, do not conduce heat or electricity, dull, brittle, powdery.

11. The end
Rare Earth Elements, two separate rows at the bottom of the table, called lanthanides and actinides, all the actinides are radioactive.