1. BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 – Part 2 CP Biology Paul VI Catholic High School

2. BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRY C, H, O, & N comprise 96% livingmatter Organic compounds - carbon based compounds Carbon atom - four valence electrons four covalent bonds able to form rings System/rules for naming

3. ORGANIC MOLECULES BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRY

4. BENZENE

5. BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRY MACROMOLECULES Formed by polymerization Anabolic reactions (building) Require energy input Dehydration synthesis Degraded by: Catabolic reactions (breaking down) Release energy Hydrolytic reactions (Hydrolysis)

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8. The Four Groups of Organic Molecules in living things: CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS

9. BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRY CARBOHYDRATES: Contain C, H, O 1:2:1 Ratio formula C n H 2n O n Isomers: (“alternate” forms) Structural – atoms different arrangement Geometric – shape along a double bond Cis Trans Enantiomers – mirror images

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11. Geometric isomers cis – same side of double bound trans – diagonally bonded across double bond

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13. CARBOHYDRATES: Monosaccharides – single sugars, may form rings Glucose Fructose Galactose Mannose Disaccharides – two monosaccharide rings linked Sucrose Lactose Maltose

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16. CARBOHYDRATES: Polysacchrides – many sugars linked together Glycogen Starch Amylose Cellulose β1,4 glycosidic linkage Chitin

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18. LIPIDS: include fats, oils, waxes all hydrophobic, nonpolar Triglycerides (fats) a Glycerol (3 carbon alcohol) and three Fatty Acids (FA) Fats may be: Saturated Unsaturated

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22. Phospholipids Structure: Glycerol Two Fatty Acid Chains PO 4 Group Polar molecule Amphipathic

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24. Amphipathic Molecule BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRY

26. Steroids: always 4 Carbon Rings Examples: Cholesterol Steroid Hormones estrogen testosterone progesterone Adrenocortical Steroids mineralocorticoids glucocorticoids Cholesterol

27. BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRY Terpenes: Long chain Lipids Components of pigments Carotenoids β carotene Essential Oils of plants

28. BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRY Prostaglandins: “Modified” form of fatty acid Mediators of Inflammation Multiple Functions in body Leukotrienes Synthesized from “essential” fatty acids: Linoleic Acid Linolenic Acid Arachidonic Acid

29. BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRY Proteins: Contain C, H, O, and Nitrogen Polymers of AMINO ACIDS: Carboxyl Group (COOH) at one end Amino Group (NH 3 + ) at other end “Essential” Amino Acids linked via Peptide Bonds

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31. Formation of Peptides Bonds

32. BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRY Protein Structure: Four levels of organization: Primary – exact order of amino acids Secondary – regional patterns Tertiary – three dimensional shape of strand Quartenary – 2 or more tertiary structures

33. BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRY Primary Structure of a Protein

34. BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRY Secondary Structure

35. BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRY Secondary Structure

36. BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRY Globular ProteinTertiary Structure

37. BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRY Quartenary Structure Protein

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40. FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS 1.ENZYMES (Catalysts) Gibb’s Free Energy of Activation Exergonic (exothermic) reactions Endergonic (endothermic) reactions Enzyme-Substrate Complex

41. BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRY ENZYMES FUNCTION BY: Provide Template for substrate Proper Orientation Induced Fit stresses molecules Lowers thermal energy need Provide conducive micro-environment

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44. ENZYME FUNCTION ALTERED BY: Temperature - Ideal human temp. 35-40 o C pH - Optimal human pH 6-8

45. BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRY ENZYME INHIBITION Competitive Inhibition Noncompetitive Inhibition Genetic Regulation Activity Regulation Allosteric Regulation Feedback Inhibition Cooperativity

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47. FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS (continued) 1.ENZYMES (Catalysts) 2. DEFENSE Globular Proteins Immune Complex System 3. TRANSPORT Myoglobin/Haemoglobin 4. SUPPORT Fibrous Proteins (Collagen)

48. BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRY 5. MOTION Muscle Contraction Actin, Myosin 6. REGULATION Hormones Regulatory proteins Genes Enzymes

49. BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRY NUCLEIC ACIDS: Macromolecules for informational storage Polymers made of nucleotides Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

50. BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRY DNA Molecule composed of nucleotide sequences

51. BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRY NUCLEIC ACID STRUCTURE: Nucleotides: Five Carbon Sugar Ribose Deoxyribose Phosphate (PO 4 ) Group Organic N-Containing Base

52. BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRY Nucleotides are joined by Phosphodiester Bonds

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54. ORGANIC BASES: PURINES: Adenine Guanine PYRIMIDINES: Cytosine Thymine Uracil (RNA only)