1. CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
Chapter 7 – Part 1
CP Biology
Paul VI Catholic High School

2. CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
HISTORY:
1600’S Anton van Leeuwenhoek
1665 Robert Hooke
1838 Matthias Schleiden
1839 Theodor Schwann
1855 Rudolph Virchow

3. CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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Robert Hooke 1665

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Matthias
Schleiden
1838

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Theodor Schwann 1839

7. CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
Rudolf
Virchow
1855

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CELL THEORY:
All living things are composed of cells
Cells are the basic unit of structure & function in living things
New cells are produced from pre-existing cells

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BASIC CELL STRUCTURE:
ALL Cells have:
Cell Membrane
Cytosol

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SOME CELLS HAVE:
Nucleus
Cytoplasm

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CELL CATEGORIES:
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
(Eukaryotes)
PROKARYOTIC CELLS
(Prokaryotes)

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EUKARYOTES:
Contain nucleus
Have Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Include Plant, Animal, Fungi, and many Microorganisms

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PROKARYOTES:
Smaller, Simpler Cells
Cell Membranes
NO Nuclei
ALL Bacteria are Prokaryotes
Examples -
E. coli
S. Aureus

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CELL SIZE
Average Cell 5-50μm
Surface Area 4πr2
Volume 4/3πr3
Cell Surface is interface between internal and external environment

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A small cell has a greater ratio of surface area to volume than a large cell of the same shape.
– This ratio limits cell size!

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CELL STRUCTURES:
1. CELL WALL:
Found in Plants, Algae, Fungi and many Prokaryotes
Function - Support & Protection
External to Cell Membrane

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1a. BACTERIAL CELL WALL:
Characteristics:
Peptidoglycan
Gram + (Violet/Blue)
Gram – (Red/Pink)
Encapsulated

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1b. PLANT CELL WALLS:
Green Plants - Primary Cellulose
Woody Plants - Secondary Lignin

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(CELL STRUCTURES - cont’d)
2. NUCLEUS
Robert Brown (1831)
Chromatin/Chromosome
Nucleoplasm
Nucleolus
Nuclear Envelope

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Brown’s Microscope Robert Brown

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Additional Organelles:
You are responsible for the name, structure, function and visual recognition of the following organelles:
3. Ribosome
4. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Smooth ER
Rough ER
5. Golgi Apparatus
6. Vacuole
7. Lysosome
8. Mitochondrion
9. Chloroplast

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Nucleus
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosomes
Golgi apparatus
Plasma membrane
Mitochondrion
Flagellum
Not in most plant cells
Lysosome
Centriole
Microtubule
Cytoskeleton
Intermediate filament
Microfilament
Peroxisome

33. CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
Central vacuole
Not in animal cells
Chloroplast
Cell wall
Golgi apparatus
Nucleus
Microtubule
Cytoskeleton
Intermediate filament
Microfilament
Ribosomes
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Mitochondrion
Peroxisome
Plasma membrane
Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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CYTOSKELETON:
a. Microtubules
b. Intermediate filaments
c. Actin filaments /Microfilaments
* Know Structure and function of each

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Strengthen Cell
Stabilize cell relative to other cells
Most durable
“Rope-like” Structure
Provide Stability (vimentin)
Long, thin fibers
“String of Pearls”
Concentrated in Cortex
Amoeboid Motion
Hollow tube
MTOC

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A. Microtubules
Functions –
Structural Role
Movement of Chromosomes
Structural Component of Cilia and Flagella
Track for motor proteins

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A. Microtubules
Plus End (+)
Away from MTOC
(Toward Nucleus)
Minus End (-)
Toward the MTOC

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INTRACELLULAR MOTOR MOLECULES
Examples-
KINESIN:
Move Organelles toward (+) end
DYNEIN:
Move Organelles toward (-) end
Kinesin Walking YouTube
The inner Life of the Cell Video

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B. Intermediate Filaments:
Function -
Strengthen Cell
Stabilize Position organelles
Stabilize cell relative to other cells

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C. Actin filaments (Microfilaments)
Function :
Anchor Cytoskeleton to cell membrane
Determine consistency of cytoplasm
Interact with Myosin (motor molecule) for muscle contraction
Muscle Contraction Video

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CELL MOVEMENT:
1. Crawling:
Actin/Myosin
Gel-Sol States
Pseudopod Formation
2. Pinching
Actin filaments
Animal cells
Cytokinesis

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Amoeba

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Cytokinesis of Animal Cell

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Actin filament
causing cell
separation

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CELL MOVEMENT:
3. Prokaryote Flagella
Protein Structure (flagellin)
Rotatory Movement
Molecular motor in cell wall
Basal Apparatus
Hook
Filament

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CELL MOVEMENT:
4. Eukaryote Flagella
Microtubular Structure
9+2 Arrangement
Basal Body Origin
9 “triplet” structure
“Whip-like” motion

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“9+2” arrangement microtubules

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CELL MOVEMENT:
5. Cilia
Many, Short, often in rows
Internal structure like flagella
Multiple functions

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Cilia