1. Risk Assessment for Offender Applying LS/CMI in Hong Kong SRACP experience by C.F. Li (SRACP)

2. Overview 1. Introduction of Service / Case Management Inventory
RNR principles
General Risk / Need Factors (Central Eight Criminogenic Needs )
Specific Risk / Need Factors
Other Client Issues (Social, Health & Mental Health)
Special Responsivity Considerations

3. 2. SRACP Experiences
Applying LS/CMI to Offender Rehabilitation Services
- Training
- Preparations
- Implementation
Preliminary findings of assessments
Feedback from Users

4. Introduction to LS/CMI
History of Offender Risk Assessment
1st generation : Clinical Assessment
2nd generation : Static Risk Assessment
3rd generation : Integrated Risk and Need
4th generation : Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (LS/CMI) by Andrews, Bonta, & Wormith (2004)

5. Some Features of LS/CMI :
Easy to complete and score
Can be used in all forensic settings (e.g. prisons, probation, aftercare rehabilitation)
Can be used in different disciplines and officials, (e.g. correctional officers, probation offers, psychologists, social workers, psychiatrist, criminologists, etc.)
Has a complete case management system
Has a very large normative sample (Over 130,000 of adult offenders from North America)
Excellent reliability and validity

6. RNR Principles
Risk
Need
Responsivity

7. Risk Principle
The level of service should vary with level of risk
High risk cases have high probability for recidivism, and vice versa
Over treatment may actually increase risk of recidivism (e.g. through increased association with high risk offenders)
Match level of treatment to level of risk
i.e. Devote time, energy and resources to risky cases
Higher risk level, more services with higher intensity

8. Need Principle
Target treatment interventions toward reducing major dynamic risk factors and/or enhancing major protective / strength factors
i.e. Match service interventions to criminogenic needs
Beginning with higher risk / need factors
Stress on more intrinsic risk / needs

9. Responsivity Principle
Match treatment mode to offender characteristics
2 types of Responsivity
General Responsivity – refer to general approaches, e.g. Behavioural model, Cognitive Behavioural techniques
Specific Responsivity – refers to personal characteristics, e.g. personality, ability, motivation, age, gender, race, language, various barriers, etc
Tailor treatment to the individual abilities, style, culture and personality

10. Section 1 : General Risk / Need Factors
Central Eight
43 items for 8 subcomponents
Score and Profile
Total score indicate probability of recidivism from Very Low Risk to Very High Risk
Provide direction and priority of intervention
Strength / Protective factors of the Offender

11. Score and Profile

12. Education / Employment Family / Marital Leisure / recreation
Central Eight – criminogenic needs
Criminal History
Education / Employment
Family / Marital
Leisure / recreation
Companions
Alcohol / Drug Problem
Pro criminal Attitude / Orientation
Antisocial Pattern

13. Section 1.1 - Criminal History
The best predictor of future behaviour is past behaviour
Includes:
- Frequency of behaviour
- Onset under 16 years old at first arrest or charge
- Seriousness – any incarceration
- Behaviour during treatment

14. Section 1.2 - Education / Employment
Involvement and commitment to the social institutions of education and employment
Frequent job changes
Never employed for over 12 months continuously
Achievement in school
Suspension or expulsion

15. Section 1.3 - Family / Marital
As interpersonal sources of reward for prosocial behavior and costs for criminal behavior
Models, supports
Satisfaction, rewarding familial / marital relationships

16. Section 1.4 - Leisure / Recreation
Substantial free time outside of work and school
How does individual occupy his/her free time?
Organized, structured activities
Good use of time?
Prosocial activities

17. Section Companions
Friends – spends time with, opinions valued, provide help when needed, etc
Acquaintance – not close friends
Influence attitude, behaviour
Models of behaviour
One of single best predictors of criminal behaviour

18. Section 1.6 - Alcohol / Drug Problem
One of the most common criminogenic need areas targeted by treatment programs
Interferes with prosocial behaviour and interactions, relationships with others
Focus on the abuse (rather than substance related offences)
Focus on current use (Status)

19. Section 1.7 - Procriminal Attitude / Orientation
What and how a person thinks and feels about violating laws or alternatives
Attitudes supportive of crime (e.g. usefulness of crime)
Negative attitudes towards convention (alternatives to crime)
Attitude towards sentence / offence
Attitude towards supervision / treatment

20. Section 1.8 - Antisocial Pattern
General personality and behavioural patterns
Diversity and early onset of antisocial behaviour
Assaultative or violent behaviour
Escapes, breach of probation / release conditions
Pattern of generalize trouble

21. Section 2 – 5
Section 2 : Specific Risk / Needs
Section 3 : Prison Experience – Institutional Factors
Section 4 : Other Client Issues
Section 5 : Special Responsivity Considerations
No score is assigned to these sections
Used in case management planning and in consideration of override decisions

22. Section 2 ： Specific Risk / Need Factors 2
Section 2 ： Specific Risk / Need Factors 2.1 : Personal Problems with Criminogenic Potential - Diagnosis of psychopathy or other personality disorder - Emotion (Anger) management deficits - Problem solving / self management skill deficits - Poor social skills 2.2 : History of Perpetration - History of sexual / physical assault - Other violence - Other antisocial behaviour

23. Section 3 ： Prison Experience – Institutional Factors Items mainly for Corrections officials 3.1 : History of Incarceration - previous classification, current security needs, misconducts 3.2 : Barriers to release - notoriety of offence, lack of community support

24. Section 4 : Other Client Issues
Social, Health & Mental Health
Noncriminogenic needs
- Physical disability, learning disability, homeless, financial problem, mental disorder, depression, suicide attempts, victim of family violence, etc
Factors contribute to overall well being of offender
May not reduce risk level

25. Section 5 : Special Responsivity Considerations
Responsivity factors reflect differences in learning styles and / or personal interests
Factors are not to be interpreted as risk, need, or problematic characteristics
Cultural issues, gender- specific issues, ethnicity issues, low intelligence, communication barriers, mental disorder, antisocial personality, etc
The best treatment program may be completely ineffective if it is delivered in wrong style / direction

26. Section 6 : Risk Summary and Override
Examples of override
Low score in section 1, but crime was a serious one, may increase risk level
High score in section 1, but has many strengths, may decrease risk level
Policy based decision
- some jurisdictions / criminal justice agencies may have internal policies that certain types of offenders must be declared a particular risk level, e.g. sexual offenders

27. Section 7 : Risk / Need Profile

28. Section 8 : Program / Placement Decision
Institutional Offenders
Community Offenders
Aftercare / Rehabilitation recommendation
Presentence Report

29. Section 9 - 11 : Case Management Protocol
Built-in case management protocol to the assessment
Intervention and goals are based on result of sections 1-5
Section 9 : Identify program targets and develop of case plan
Section 10 : Monitor intervention and record progress
Section 11 : Summarize results, Discharge summary

30. Section 9 : Case Management Plan 9.2.1 Criminogennic Needs
Criminogenic
Needs
Goal
Intervention
Time Frame
1. Alcohol abuse
Abstinence of alcohol
Attend alcoholic treatment program
12 months
2. Leisure / Recreation
Participate in structured activities
Join a football team
6 months 3. 4.

31. Section 9 : Case Management Plan 9. 2. 2
Section 9 : Case Management Plan Other client Non-Criminogennic Needs Requiring Attention
Other Needs
Goal
Intervention
Time Frame
1. Victim of family violence
Accept personal history
Victim counselling
12 months 2. 3.

32. Section 9 : Case Management Plan 9. 2. 3
Section 9 : Case Management Plan Special Responsivity Considerations
Responsivity Issue
Proposed Approach to Address Issue
1. Lack of Motivation
Motivational interviewing
2. Denial / minimization
Challenge client by reviewing history on many fronts (drinking, relationships, family, marital)

33. Section 10 : Progress Record 10.1. Criminogenic Needs

34. Section 10 : Progress Record 10.2. Other Client Non-Criminogenic Needs

35. Section 11 : Discharge Summary

36. Applying LS/CMI
SRACP Experience

37. Training
Social workers attended training conducted by Professor Stephen Wormith in November 2009
10 social workers qualified as trainers and 27 as qualified users
Second batch training in March, 2010 by SRACP trainer
15 more social workers (and 1 CP) qualified as users

38. Preparation and Implementation
Working group formed
Test run in April – June 2010
Quality Assurance Exercise
Revision of current Workflow and Procedure
Full implementation in July 2010
Evaluate and collect feedback from LS/CMI users in March, 2011

39. Observation / Preliminary Findings
Until March 31, 2011, 1092 assessments conducted successfully
Scored from 2 to 37
Average score = (High Risk)

40. Overall Risk / Need Level Nearly 60% of cases are High risk or above
Very Low Risk
Low
Medium
High
Very High
Less than 1 % 5%
27%
49%
18%

41. Most Concerned Criminogenic factors
(High risk / need level or above)
Leisure and Recreation (82.5%)
Employment and Education (77.7%)
Companions (59.5%)
Alcohol / Drug Problem (36.9%)

42. Feedbacks from Social Worker
Helps to understand needs of client
Helps to prioritize client’s needs
Helps to formulate intervention plan
Helps to Evaluate client’s rehabilitation progress
Common language to communicate with colleagues

43. Translation of Chinese Version Treatment program development
Future Works
Validation
Translation of Chinese Version
Treatment program development

44. ~ The End ~ Thank You