1. FROM Republic TO empire
ROME
FROM Republic TO empire

2. Roman Law of Nations
System of laws developed in order to govern a growing empire
Based on natural (universal) law
Standards of justice that applied to all people
Based on reason
Due Process
Property Rights
Recognition of cruelty of slavery

3. The Institution of Slavery
Common form of labor in ancient Rome
Slaves were prisoners of war
Came from all parts of the empire
What did slaves do?
Built public works (roads, buildings, etc.)
Worked private lands of wealthy
Household workers (cooks, waiters, etc.)
Shop assistants, craftsmen
Gladiators
Greek slaves
Tutors, artists, musicians, doctors

5. Slavery, cntd. Tough conditions – particularly laborers Revolts
Cheaper to work them to death
Revolts
Spartacus (73-71 B.C.)
Defeats several Roman armies with force of 70,000 slaves
He and 6,000 followers crucified

7. Roman Literature Golden Age of literature – Augustan Age
Virgil writes the Aeneid
Poem meant to honor Rome
Portrays Aeneas as the ideal Roman
Virtues of duty, piety, and faithfulness
Symbolizes Romans divine mission to rule world

8. Roman Art Adopted Greek style of sculpture Embraced realism
Did not constantly pursue perfection like the Greeks

9. A Bronze piece from the Etruscans
A Bronze piece from the Etruscans.  Legend has it that Rome was founded by twin boys Romulus and Remus.  The details vary but the basic story is that the boys father was king, their uncle overthrew him, and then ordered the boys to be killed.  They were abandoned by the river, adopted by a wolf who raised them as her cubs.  They were then discovered by a shepherd who had no children of his own and so he and his wife raised the boys.  They learned of their royal birth, attacked their uncle, restored their father to his kingdom, and then set out to make their own kingdoms.  The twins settled in on the Palatine Hills and here there are several stories, but basically, as with their father and uncle before them,  they were not capable of sharing and so contest and battles ensue leaving Romulus the victor and Remus dead.  Romulus then goes on to found the city of Rome.

10. Roman Architecture Embrace Greek architecture Introduce curved lines
Columns and square buildings
Introduce curved lines
Arches, vaults and domes
Use concrete on massive scale
New methods in architecture allow them to create larger structures than Greeks
Build networks of roads, bridges, aqueducts

14. Christianity Spreads in Mid East region of empire due to:
Preaching of Jesus
Word that he had arisen from death
Spreads through empire
Preaching by apostles
St. Peter establishes Christian communities in Asia Minor (Turkey) and Greece
Writing of the Gospels ( AD)
Teachings of Jesus
Disciples’ letters

16. Christianity, cntd. By 100 AD By 200 AD
Churches in most cities of eastern Empire
Mostly of Jewish or Greek origin
By 200 AD
Latin-speaking peoples being converted
Western section of the Empire

17. Persecution of Christians
Romans thought Christians were harmful
Refused to worship Roman gods
Seen as treason – punishable by death
Began under Nero (54-68 AD)
Blamed them for fire that ravaged the city
Cruel deaths (Coliseum)
Persecution lessens during second century
By 180 AD Christians are strong minority of empire

18. Acceptance of Christianity
Rise of the clergy (Church leaders)
Bishops assert more control over communities
Increased organization means rapid spread
Why rapid growth?
Appealing message to Roman masses
Individual worth under God
Sense of belonging (strong communities)
Spiritual equality (eternal life)

20. Constantine Edict of Milan (313 AD) Constantine baptizes
Officially proclaims tolerance for Christianity
Recognizes its growing strength
Constantine baptizes
Becomes first Christian emperor
Does so right before his death
Emperor Theodosius makes Christianity official religion of Roman empire

21. The Emperor Theodosius (about ) - in armour and a laurel wreath - is prevented from entering Milan Cathedral by Saint Ambrose (about ), bishop of the city. The saint had banned Theodosius from the cathedral after the massacre of a subject population in Thessalonica. Van Dyck has identified one of Theodosius's companions as Ruffinus, whose shameless arrogance Saint Ambrose compared to a dog (which is at his feet). The story of Saint Ambrose is related in 'The Golden Legend'.

22. The Division Belief that empire had grown too large
Emperor Diocletian divides it into 2 (293 AD)
Each region Diocletian rules West and ultimate influence in East
Eventually reunited under Constantine in 324
Creates new capital city in Greek city of Byzantium
Renamed Constantinople
Will soon become center of Byzantine Empire
Then in AD 293 Diocletian took another huge step into the unknown by founding the 'Tetrarchy', the rule of four. This entirely new idea of imperial government, meant that four emperors should rule the empire. Two Augusti would rule as major emperors, one in teh east, the other in the west. Each Augustus would adopt as his son a junior emperor, a Caesar, who would help rule his half of the empire with him and who be his appointed successor.

24. Weakening of Rome
Diocletian and Constantine govern over large bureaucracy
Large public servants (civil service)
Standing army of 500,000 men
Draining most public funds
No increase in population
Means no increase in tax base
Rome’s economic strength dwindling

25. The Fall Empire divided for a second time
Rome capital of West
Constantinople capital of East
The Visigoths sack Rome (410)
Germanic tribe pushed South and West by the Huns
The Vandals sack Rome (455)
Roaming tribe from Spain via Africa

26. Visigoths
Vandals

27. 476 AD
Western Emperor Romulus Augusts deposed by Germanic head of army
Splits into series of kingdoms
Eastern empire continues as the Byzantine Empire