1. Mean-Reverting Models in Financial and Energy Markets Anatoliy Swishchuk Mathematical and Computational Finance Laboratory, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, U of C Colloquium Thursday, March 31, 2005

2. Outline Mean-Reverting Models (MRM): Deterministic vs. Stochastic MRM in Finance: Variances (Not Asset Prices) MRM in Energy Markets: Asset Prices Some Results: Swaps, Swaps with Delay, Option Pricing Formula (one-factor models) Drawback of One-Factor Models Future Work

3. Mean-Reversion Effect Violin (or Guitar) String Analogy: if we pluck the violin (or guitar) string, the string will revert to its place of equilibrium To measure how quickly this reversion back to the equilibrium location would happen we had to pluck the string Similarly, the only way to measure mean reversion is when the variances of asset prices in financial markets and asset prices in energy markets get plucked away from their non-event levels and we observe them go back to more or less the levels they started from

4. The Mean-Reversion Deterministic Process

5. Mean-Reverting Plot (a=4.6,L=2.5)

6. Meaning of Mean-Reverting Parameter The greater the mean-reverting parameter value, a, the greater is the pull back to the equilibrium level For a daily variable change, the change in time, dt, in annualized terms is given by 1/365 If a =365, the mean reversion would act so quickly as to bring the variable back to its equilibrium within a single day The value of 365/ a gives us an idea of how quickly the variable takes to get back to the equilibrium-in days

7. Mean-Reversion Stochastic Process

8. Mean-Reverting Models in Financial Markets Stock (asset) Prices follow geometric Brownian motion The Variance of Stock Price follows Mean-Reverting Models

9. Mean-Reverting Models in Energy Markets Asset Prices follow Mean- Reverting Stochastic Processes

10. Heston Model for Stock Price and Variance Model for Stock Price (geometric Brownian motion): or follows Cox-Ingersoll-Ross (CIR) process deterministic interest rate,

11. Standard Brownian Motion and Geometric Brownian Motion Standard Brownian motion Geometric Brownian motion

12. Heston Model: Variance follows mean- reverting (CIR) process or

13. Cox-Ingersoll-Ross (CIR) Model for Stochastic Variance (Volatility) The model is a mean-reverting process, which pushes away from zero to keep it positive. The drift term is a restoring force which always points towards the current mean value.

14. Swaps Stock ( a security representing partial ownership of a company ) Bonds ( bank accounts ) Option ( right but not obligation to do something in the future ) Forward contract (an agreement to buy or sell something in a future date for a set price: obligation) Swaps -agreements between two counterparts to exchange cash flows in the future to a prearrange formula: obligation Basic SecuritiesDerivative Securities Security -a piece of paper representing a promise

15. Variance and Volatility Swaps Volatility swaps are forward contracts on future realized stock volatility Variance swaps are forward contract on future realized stock variance Forward contract-an agreement to buy or sell something at a future date for a set price (forward price) Variance is a measure of the uncertainty of a stock price. Volatility (standard deviation) is the square root of the variance (the amount of “noise”, risk or variability in stock price) Variance=(Volatility)^2

16. Realized Continuous Variance and Volatility Realized (or Observed) Continuous Variance: Realized Continuous Volatility: where is a stock volatility, is expiration date or maturity.

17. Variance Swaps A Variance Swap is a forward contract on realized variance. Its payoff at expiration is equal to (K var is the delivery price for variance and N is the notional amount in $ per annualized variance point)

18. Volatility Swaps A Volatility Swap is a forward contract on realized volatility. Its payoff at expiration is equal to :

19. How does the Volatility Swap Work?

20. Example: Payoff for Volatility and Variance Swaps K var = (18%)^2; N = $50,000/(one volatility point)^2. Strike price K vol =18% ; Realized Volatility=21%; N =$50,000/(volatility point). Payment(HF to D)=$50,000(21%-18%)=$150,000. For Volatility Swap: For Variance Swap: Payment(D to HF)=$50,000(18%-12%)=$300,000. b) volatility decreased to 12%: a) volatility increased to 21%:

21. Valuing of Variance Swap for Stochastic Volatility Value of Variance Swap (present value): where E is an expectation (or mean value), r is interest rate. To calculate variance swap we need only E{V}, where and

22. Calculation E[V]

23. Valuing of Volatility Swap for Stochastic Volatility Value of volatility swap: To calculate volatility swap we need not only E{V} (as in the case of variance swap), but also Var{V}. We use second order Taylor expansion for square root function.

24. Calculation of Var[V] (continuation) After calculations: Finally we obtain:

25. Numerical Example: S&P60 Canada Index

26. We apply the obtained analytical solutions to price a swap on the volatility of the S&P60 Canada Index for five years (January 1997- February 2002) These data were kindly presented to author by Raymond Theoret (University of Quebec, Montreal, Quebec,Canada) and Pierre Rostan (Bank of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec,Canada)

27. Logarithmic Returns Logarithmic Returns: Logarithmic returns are used in practice to define discrete sampled variance and volatility where

28. Statistics on Log-Returns of S&P60 Canada Index for 5 years (1997-2002)

29. Histograms of Log. Returns for S&P60 Canada Index

30. S&P60 Canada Index Volatility Swap

31. Realized Continuous Variance for Stochastic Volatility with Delay Initial Data deterministic function Stock Price

32. Equation for Stochastic Variance with Delay (Continuous-Time GARCH Model) Our (Kazmerchuk, Swishchuk, Wu (2002) “The Option Pricing Formula for Security Markets with Delayed Response”) first attempt was: This is a continuous-time analogue of its discrete-time GARCH(1,1) model J.-C. Duan remarked that it is important to incorporate the expectation of log-return into the model

33. Stochastic Volatility with Delay Main Features of this Model Continuous-time analogue of GARCH(1,1 ) Mean-reversion Does not contain another Wiener process Complete market Incorporates the expectation of log-return

34. Valuing of Variance Swap for Stochastic Volatility with Delay Value of Variance Swap (present value): To calculate variance swap we need only E{V}, whereand where E is an expectation (or mean value), r is interest rate.

35. Continuous-Time GARCH Model

36. Deterministic Equation for Expectation of Variance with Delay There is no explicit solution for this equation besides stationary solution.

37. Valuing of Variance Swap with Delay in General Case We need to find E P* [Var(S)]:

38. Numerical Example 1: S&P60 Canada Index (1997-2002)

39. Dependence of Variance Swap with Delay on Maturity (S&P60 Canada Index )

40. Variance Swap with Delay (S&P60 Canada Index)

41. Numerical Example 2: S&P500 (1990-1993)

42. Dependence of Variance Swap with Delay on Maturity (S&P500)

43. Variance Swap with Delay (S&P500 Index)

44. Mean-Reverting Models in Energy Markets

45. Explicit Solution for MRAM

46. Explicit Option Pricing Formula for European Call Option under Physical Measure

47. Parameters:

48. Mean-Reverting Risk-Neutral Asset Model (MRRNAM)

49. Transformations:

50. Explicit Solution for MRRNAM

51. Explicit Option Pricing Formula for European Call Option under Risk-Neutral Measure

52. Numerical Example: AECO Natural Gas Index (1 May 1998-30 April 1999) (Bos, Ware, Pavlov: Quantitative Finance, 2002)

53. Variance for New Gaussian Process

54. Mean-Value for MRRNAM

56. Volatility for MRRNAM

57. Price C(T) of European Call Option (S=1) (Sonny Kushwaha, Haskayne School of Business, U of C, (my student, AMAT371))

58. European Call Option Price for MRM (Sonny Kushwaha, Haskayne School of Business, U of C, (my student, AMAT371))

59. L. Bos, T. Ware and Pavlov (Put Option) (Quantitative Finance, V. 2 (2002), 337-345)

60. Comparison (Put vs. Call)

61. Drawback of One-Factor Mean- Reverting Models The long-term mean L remains fixed over time: needs to be recalibrated on a continuous basis in order to ensure that the resulting curves are marked to market The biggest drawback is in option pricing: results in a model-implied volatility term structure that has the volatilities going to zero as expiration time increases (spot volatilities have to be increased to non-intuitive levels so that the long term options do not lose all the volatility value-as in the marketplace they certainly do not)

62. Conclusions Variances of Asset Prices in Financial Markets follow Mean-Reverting Models Asset Prices in Energy Markets follow Mean- Reverting Models We can price variance and volatility swaps for an asset in financial markets We can price options for an asset in energy markets Drawback: one-factor models ( L is a constant) Future work: consider two-factor models: S (t) and L (t) (L->L (t)) (possibly with jumps)

63. Future work I. (Joint Working Paper with T. Ware: Analytical Approach (Integro - PDE), Whittaker functions)

64. Future Work II (Probabilistic Approach: Change of Time Method).

65. Acknowledgement I’d like to thank very much to Robert Elliott, Gordon Sick, Tony Ware and Graham Weir for valuable suggestions and comments, and to all the participants of the “Lunch at the Lab” (weekly seminar, usually Each Thursday, at the Mathematical and Computational Finance Laboratory) for discussion and remarks during all my talks in the Lab.

66. Thank you for your attention!