1. Magnetism
Physics

2. A little history… Electricity and Magnetism are related!
Until the early 19th century, scientists thought electricity and magnetism were unrelated
In 1820, Danish science professor Hans Christian Oersted was demonstrating electric currents in front of a class of students
When electric current was passed in a wire near a magnetic compass, the compass needle moved
Electricity and Magnetism are related!

3. Comparing E&M Magnets exert forces on one another
Similar to electric charges:
Can attract and repel without touching
Strength of interaction depends on the distance of separation of the two magnets
Different from electric charges:
Electric charges produce electrical forces
Regions called magnetic poles produce magnetic forces

4. Magnetic Poles All magnets have both a north and a south pole
Like poles repel
Opposite poles attract
Magnetic poles always exist in pairs

5. Magnetic Fields
Magnetic Field (B): The space around a magnet in which a magnetic force is exerted [measured in Tesla – T].
Magnetic Field is a VECTOR (has magnitude and direction).
The direction of the magnetic field outside a magnet is from the north to the south pole
B Field N S

6. Magnetic Domains
Permanent magnets are made by placing pieces of iron or certain iron alloys in strong magnetic fields
Magnetic Domain = large clusters of atoms lined up with each other
Domains start out randomly oriented in this piece of iron
Domains align in the direction of the magnetic field as they are brought closer to a magnet

7. How are E&M related? Moving electric charges create magnetic fields
Charges in motion have both E (electric) fields and B (magnetic) fields associated with them
In a bar magnet, electrons inside are constantly moving
Moving charge = current  magnetic field
Electrons also spin
Spinning charge =motion  magnetic field

8. Electromagnets
If a current carrying wire is bent into a loop, the magnetic field lines become bunched up inside the loop
A current-carrying coil of wire with many loops is an electromagnet
Iron filings sprinkled on paper reveal the magnetic field configurations about a.
a current-carrying wire,
b. a current-carrying loop, and
c. a coil of loops

9. The Right Hand Rule
Out of the page
Into the page
To find the direction of the magnetic field in a wire, point the thumb/fingers of your right hand in the direction of current flow.
Your fingers/thumb point in the direction of the magnetic field.

10. The Right Hand Rule
What is the direction of the magnetic field in this wire?
What is the direction of the magnetic field in this coil or wire?

11. ANSWERS What is the direction of the magnetic field in this wire?
What is the direction of the magnetic field in this coil or wire?
B Field
B Field

12. When MOVING electric charges are placed in magnetic fields, they feel a FORCE.
Force is greatest when the particle moves perpendicular to the magnetic field
Force becomes less at angles less than 90 and zero when the particle moves parallel to the field lines

13. Magnetic Force
The force that acts on a moving charged particle depends on the particle’s charge, its velocity, and the strength of the magnetic field.
B = magnetic field [T]
v = charge velocity [m/s]
F = force [N]
q = charge [C]
F = qvB

14. The Right Hand Rule
To find the direction of the magnetic force on a charge
Take two pens
Hold them perpendicular to each other as in the picture
Take your RIGHT hand
Place your RIGHT hand at the point where the two pens meet
Push v towards B
The direction your thumb points is the direction of F
Out of the page
Into the page

15. Right Hand Rule Practicev v B v B B

16. Magnetic Force cont’d F = ILB Now we know: So… F = force (N)
a charged particle moving through a magnetic field experiences a deflecting force
So…
a current of charged particles moving through a magnetic field also experiences a deflecting force
F = force (N)
I = current (A)
L = length of wire (m)
B = magnetic field (T)
F = ILB

17. Magnetic Force F = qvB F = ILB
When an electric charge moves in a magnetic field, it feels a force.
Single charge: Many charges (current):
F = qvB
F = ILB
F = force (N)
q = charge (C)
v = velocity (m/s)
B = magnetic field (T)
F = force (N)
I = current (A)
L = length of wire (m)
B = magnetic field (T)

18. Earth’s B Field
A compass points northward because Earth itself is a huge magnet
The compass aligns with the magnetic field of the earth
Most geologists think that moving charges looping around within Earth create its magnetic field
The magnetic field of Earth is not stable
It has flip- flopped throughout geologic time
Studies of deep-sea sediments indicate that the field was virtually switched off for 10,000 to 20,000 years just over 1 million years ago
The magnetic poles of Earth, however, do not coincide with the geographic poles—in fact, they aren’t even close to the geographic poles. Figure illustrates the discrepancy. The magnetic pole in the Northern Hemisphere, for example, is located some 800 kilometers from the geo- graphic North Pole, northwest of Sverdrup Island in northern Canada. The other magnetic pole is located just off the coast of Antarctica. This means that compasses do not generally point to true north.

19. Electromagnetic Induction
Physics
magnetism can produce electricity & electricity can produce magnetism

20. Electromagnetic Induction
Electric current can be produced in a wire by simply moving a magnet into or out of a wire
Movement of the magnet induces a voltage, which causes current flow
Voltage is induced whether the magnet is moved through the wire or the wire is moved through the magnet

21. Flux
Magnetic Flux = the number of magnetic field lines passing through a given area
Measured in Webers (Wb)
If a loop of wire lies perpendicular to a magnetic field, the maximum possible number of lines of flux will pass through the loop.
If the loop of wire lies parallel to the field, the flux through the loop will be zero.
Φ = flux (Wb)
A = area of loop (m2)
B = magnetic field (T)
Φ = AB

22. Example
Eleanor is undergoing an MRI procedure and is placed inside a chamber housing the coil of a large electromagnet that has a radius of 25.0 cm. A flux of Wb passes through the coil opening. What is the magnetic field inside the coil?

23. greater number of loops of wire = greater induced voltage = greater current
Faraday’s Law: Induced voltage in a coil is proportional to:
the product of the number of loops
the cross-sectional area of each loop
and the rate at which the magnetic field changes within those loops

24. Example
Φ = AB
The hood ornament on Abe’s sedan is shaped like a ring cm in diameter. Abe is driving toward the west so that Earth’s 5.00*10-5 T field provides no flux through the hood ornament. What is the induced voltage in the metal ring as Abe turns from this street onto one where he is traveling north, if he takes 3.0 s to make the turn?

25. Lenz’s Law
An induced voltage always produces a magnetic field that opposes the field that originally produced it
In other words:
If the original magnetic field, and thus the flux, is going toward the north, the induced voltage will produce an opposing field and flux that goes toward the south

26. Generators & Motors
Generator = A machine that produces electric current by rotating a coil within a stationary magnetic field
A motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
A generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

28. Transformers
A transformer works by inducing a changing magnetic field in one coil, which induces an alternating current in a nearby second coil
Voltages may be stepped up or stepped down with a transformer

29. Power Transmission
Power is transmitted great distances at high voltages and correspondingly low currents, a process that otherwise would result in large energy losses owing to the heating of the wires.
Power may be carried from power plants to cities at about 120,000 volts or more, stepped down to about 2400 volts in the city, and finally stepped down again by a transformer to provide the 120 volts in our houses