1. Spanish Conquest In The Americas
(Ch. 4 Sec 1)

2. Spain and Portugal
These 2 Western European countries were the first to colonize the Americas (The New World)

3. Christopher Columbus

4. Christopher Columbus 1451-1506
Was born in Genoa, Northern Italy
sailed for Spain 1492 in search of a western sea route to the Far East (China)
he never reached China, he reached the Caribbean

5. Christopher Columbus ● The Caribbean
Columbus really landed in the Bahamas
Columbus claimed the island for Spain, called
it San Salvador “Holy Savior”

6. Tainos

7. Tainos Called Arawaks in English
He took each island in the Caribbean as a colony for Spain and searched them for gold
Called Arawaks in English
These were the Native Americans in the Bahamas where Columbus first arrived
Columbus/Spain began a process that turned all the lands of North/South America into European colonies

9. Brazil
1500 Colonized by Pedro Alvares for Portugal

10. Portuguese in Brazil 1500 Pedro Alvarez conquers Brazil for Portugal
Brazil was only area in South America
Spain did not control

11. Portuguese in Brazil

12. Portuguese in Brazil Portuguese grew sugar in Brazil
1530’s Portuguese colonists settled Brazil’s coastal regions
Portuguese grew sugar in Brazil
Portuguese enslaved Natives in Brazil and later Africans to work sugar plantations in Brazil
Portugal became very wealthy from Brazilian sugar

13. Amerigo Vespucci Sailed the coast of South America for Portugal
first to proclaim a new world had been found
● German mapmaker named South America after
Amerigo Vespucci

14. Vasco Nunez de Balboa
1515 marched through Panama and claimed it for Spain

15. Ferdinand Magellan 1519-1522 explored Guam,
conquered the Philippines for Spain
(but he was Portuguese)

16. Ferdinand Magellan Magellan killed in the Philippines
his crew claimed Guam and Philippines for Spain
18 of original 230 men made it back to Spain 1522 (3 years later): first men to circumnavigate the globe

17. Hernando Cortes

18. Hernando Cortes 1519 sailed for Spain to Mexico
he marched inward to conquer new lands in Meso-America (Mexico and Central America) for Spain

19. Hernando Cortes
Cortes learned of the wealthy Aztec Empire

20. Aztecs

21. Tenochitlan Aztec Capital: modern-day Mexico City
Cortes and his 600 men reach Tenocitlan after four weeks of searching (1519)

22. Tenochitlan

23. Moctezuma II Aztec Emperor when Cortes arrives (1519)
Convinced Cortes was an Aztec God: Quetzalcoatl

24. Moctezuma II agreed to give Cortes a share of Aztec’s gold
Cortes quickly enslaved and forced Aztecs into mines to dig up gold

25. Hernando Cortes
1520 Aztecs revolt and temporarily push Cortes out

26. Hernando Cortes
1521 Cortes returns and reconquers Aztecs for Spain

27. Cortes’ 3 Advantages
Aztecs (and other natives) were defenseless against European diseases (measles, mumps, smallpox, typhus)
able to convince other natives in the region to help him against Aztecs (they wanted revenge)
Spaniards had cannons, muskets, horses

28. Francisco Pizarro
1532 conquers parts of South America for Spain (modern day Ecuador and Peru)

29. Inca Empire

30. Atahualpa
Inca ruler (1532) Met Pizarro’s 200 men for battle

31. Atahualpa Atahualpa had 30,000 unarmed men
Spaniards crushed them with firearms and kidnapped Atahualpa

32. Atahualpa promised Spaniards piles of gold and silver for his release
The Inca delivered the gold/silver:
Spaniards strangled Atahualpa in front of Incas after they got the ransom

33. Atahualpa
Incas were demoralized and surrendered

34. Yucatans Mayas 1542 conquered by Spaniards
1697 Finally conquered by Spaniards

35. Spain Pushes North 1513 Juan Ponce de Leon explored Florida
1540 Francisco Coronado led an expedition through American Southwest

36. Spain’s Empire 1700

37. Spain’s Pattern of Conquest
Conquistadors: Spanish explorers that carved out colonies in Latin America in search of gold and silver
Peninsulares: Spanish settlers were almost all men
Forced marriage between Spanish settlers and native women was common
this created a new mixed race of Spanish and Native American blood (Mestizo)
Encomiendas: Spaniards forced Natives to ranch, farm, and mine for Spanish landlords

38. Forced Marriage

39. Spain’s Pattern of Conquest
Forced Conversion to Christianity
● Priests accompanied conquistadors on their expeditions
to forcefully convert Natives to Catholicism

40. Forced Conversion

41. Forced Conversion

42. Santa Fe, New Mexico:
first Catholic mission in the U.S: missions became the headquarters for forced conversion of Natives to Catholicism

43. Bartolome de Las Casas a Catholic Priest
spoke out against the harsh treatment of Natives on encomiendas
first to suggest enslaving Africans for labor in the new world
some priests contributed to the abuse and loss of autonomy by the Native Americans

44. Rise of New World Slavery
Africans had prior exposure to European diseases and did not die from them as much as Native Americans
Spaniards, Portuguese, and British (later) all began using Africans as slave labor in the new world

45. Native Resistance
1493 Tainos on St. Croix revolted against Columbus with poison arrows
Tainos revolted there again in 1495 before finally being subdued

46. Native Resistance
end of 1600’s Pueblos in New Mexico revolted against the Spanish
With forced conversion to Catholicism, priests burned Natives’ sacred objects and forbade their rituals
Those who practiced their own religion were beaten

47. Native Resistance
1680 Pop’e (Pueblo ruler) led an uprising against the Spanish in New Mexico

48. Native Resistance Pueblo Revolt
17,000 warriors from all over New Mexico fought the Spanish
they pushed Spaniards back into Mexico for 12 years

49. Spain’s Influence
Spain’s American colonies made it the richest most powerful nation in the world by the late 16th century
Spain built a powerful navy and army to protect its colonies