3. Cell Respiration 3.7 Core 8.1 Additional Higher Level

5. 3.7.1 DEFINE cell respiration. The controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP. Can take place w/ or w/o oxygen Either: 1 st stage is glycolysis

14. 3.7.2 State that, in cell resp, glucose in the cytoplasm is broken down by glycolysis into pyruvate, with a small yield of ATP. 1 Glucose 2 pyruvate + 2 net ATP In cytoplasm/cytosol No oxygen necessary Pyruvate = 3-C molecule

16. 3.7.3 Explain that, during anaerobic resp, pyruvate can be converted in the cytoplasm into lactate, or ethanol and carbon dioxide, with no further yield of ATP. GLUCOSE GLYCOLYSIS in cytoplasm PYRUVATE + small amt ATP Aerobic Resp in mitochondria Anaerobic Resp (only when no oxygen) in cytoplasm Into CO 2 + H 2 O + lots ATP in animals (muscle) Into lactate (3-C) in animals & bacteria, w/small amount ATP Sprinting! Body doesnt produce enough ATP to contract muscles w/the limited Oxygen...cramping Into ethanol (2-C) and CO 2 in yeasts and plants, w/small amount ATP Mmm!

17. 3.7.3 Explain that, during anaerobic resp, pyruvate can be converted in the cytoplasm into lactate, or ethanol and carbon dioxide, with no further yield of ATP. GLUCOSE GLYCOLYSIS in cytoplasm PYRUVATE + small amt ATP Aerobic Resp in mitochondria Anaerobic Resp (only when no oxygen) in cytoplasm Into CO 2 + H 2 O + lots ATP in animals (muscle) Into lactate (3-C) in animals & bacteria, w/small amount ATP Sprinting! Body doesnt produce enough ATP to contract muscles w/the limited Oxygen...cramping Into ethanol (2-C) and CO 2 in yeasts and plants, w/small amount ATP Mmm!

21. 3.7.4 Explain that, during aerobic cell respiration, pyruvate can be broken down in the mitochondrion into carbon dioxide and water with a large yield of ATP. IF OXYGENS PRESENT! Pyruvate moves into mitochondrion Much more ATP produced AEROBIC SUMMARY:

28. Summary of Human Cell Resp

29. Click to view animation:

30. PHOTOSYNTHESIS 3.8 Core

31. 3.8.1 State that photosynthesis involves the conversion of light energy into chemical energy. Need carbon dioxide, water w/light and chlorophyll... glucose and oxygen

36. 3.8.2 State that light from the Sun is composed of a range of wavelengths (colors). Sunlight = white light (all colors, λ)

40. 3.8.3 State that chlorophyll is the main photosynthetic pigment. Green, reflects green light & absorbs all others Various kinds, each has own absorption spectrum

41. 3.8.4 Outline the differences in absorption of red, blue, and green light by chlorophyll. Shine white light through a chlorophyll solution Some absorbed, some not not goes through a prism...some colors missing b/c were absorbed Intensity of colors = abs spectrum Orange-red & blue mostly absorbed Green mostly reflected/transmitted

42. 3.8.5 State that light energy is used to produce ATP, and to split water molecules (photolysis) to form oxygen and hydrogen. Light dependent reactions

45. e-e-

54. 3.8.6 State that ATP and hydrogen (derived from the photolysis of water) are used to fix carbon dioxide to make organic molecules. Light-independent reactions ATP High energy bonds between phosphate groups Reversible reaction (ATP ADP + P + energy) Similar to NADPH NADP + + H +

61. 3.8.7 Explain that the rate of photosynthesis can be measured directly by the production of oxygen or the uptake of carbon dioxide, or indirectly by an increase in biomass. Production of oxygen Enclosed/controlled expt Shine bright light on water plant Measure oxygen in water Uptake of carbon dioxide Enclosed/controlled expt Measure CO2 before/after or pH of water Increase in biomass Change in organic matter, not water Dehydrate the plant before weighing

63. 3.8.8 Outline the effects of temperature, light intensity, and carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis. Temperature: Optimal ranges for enzymes Kinetic energy of reactants denaturation Light intensity: Increases, rate increases Too high can damage chlorophyll [Carbon dioxide]: Reactant (like [substrate]) Saturation level = max rate Shaded on graph