1. Overview of Financial Management and the Financial Environment
CHAPTER 1
Overview of Financial Management and the Financial Environment

2. Areas in Finance
Corporate finance
Investment
Financial markets

3. Topics in Chapter Forms of business organization
Objective of the firm: Maximize wealth
Determinants of fundamental value
Financial securities, markets and institutions

4. Why is corporate finance important to all managers?
Corporate finance provides the skills managers need to:
Identify and select the corporate strategies and individual projects that add value to their firm.
Forecast the funding requirements of their company, and devise strategies for acquiring those funds.

5. Business Organization from Start-up to a Major Corporation
Sole proprietorship
Partnership
Corporation
(More . .)

6. Starting as a Proprietorship
One owner (the manager)
Advantages:
Ease of formation
Subject to few regulations
No corporate income taxes, but personal income taxes
Disadvantages:
Unlimited liability
Difficult to raise capital to support growth

7. Starting as or Growing into a Partnership
More than one owner.
A partnership has roughly the same advantages and disadvantages as a sole proprietorship.
Limited partnership in some cases.

8. Becoming a Corporation
A corporation is a legal entity that separates its owners from managers.
File papers of incorporation with state.
Charter (name, types of business, amount of capital, directors…)
Bylaws (a set of rules by the founders)

9. Advantages and Disadvantages of a Corporation
Unlimited life
Easy transfer of ownership
Limited liability
Ease of raising capital
Disadvantages:
Double taxation
Cost of set-up
stricter regulation

10. Becoming a Public Corporation and Growing Afterwards
Initial Public Offering (IPO) of Stock
Raises cash
Allows founders and pre-IPO investors to “harvest” some of their wealth
Subsequent issues of debt and equity

11. Agency Problems and Corporate Governance
Agency problem: managers may act in their own interests and not on behalf of owners (stockholders)
Corporate governance is the set of rules that monitor and control a company’s (mainly the management’s) behavior. Corporate governance can help control agency problems.

12. What should be management’s primary objective?
The primary objective should be shareholder wealth maximization, which translates to maximizing the stock price.

13. What determines a firm’s value?
The cash flows generated in the future.

14. What three aspects of cash flows affect an investment’s value?
Amount of expected cash flows (bigger is better)
Timing of the cash flow stream (sooner is better)
Why is timing important?
Risk of the cash flows (less risk is better)

15. Free Cash Flows (FCF)
Free cash flows are the cash flows that are available (or free) for distribution to all investors (stockholders and creditors).

16. Cost of Capital (1) The cost to finance the firm and operation.
Cost of equity vs. cost of liability (debt).
Weighted average cost of capital (WACC)

17. Cost of Capital (2)
What do we call the price, or cost, of debt capital?
The interest rate
What do we call the price, or cost, of equity capital?
Cost of equity = Required return = dividend yield + capital gain

18. A firm’s fundamental value
Intrinsic value is the sum of all the future expected free cash flows when converted into today’s dollars:
Value = … +
FCF1
FCF2
FCF∞
(1 + WACC)1
(1 + WACC)∞
(1 + WACC)2

19. Capital Allocation Process

20. Who are the providers (savers) and users (borrowers) of capital?
Households
Non-financial corporations
Financial corporations
Governments

21. What economic conditions affect the cost of money?
Federal Reserve policies
Budget deficits/surpluses
Level of business activity (recession or boom)
International trade deficits/surpluses

22. What international conditions affect the cost of money?
Country risk. Depends on the country’s economic, political, and social environment.
Exchange rate risk. Non-dollar denominated investment’s value depends on what happens to exchange rate.

23. Financial Markets (1) Primary market: Secondary market:
Markets in which companies raise money by selling securities to investors.
Every security sells only once in the primary market.
Example: IPO
Secondary market:
Markets in which already issued securities trade.
Trading is among investors.

24. Financial Markets (2)
Money market: markets for trading of debt securities with less than one-year maturity.
Capital markets: market for trading of intermediate-term and long-term debt and common stock.
Spot markets: securities are bought and sold for ‘on-the-spot’ delivery.
Futures markets: trading takes place now, but full payment and delivery of the asset takes place in the future, e.g., 6 months or 1-year.

25. Financial Securities Money Market Securities Capital Market Securities
Treasury Bill (T-bill); Commercial paper; negotiable CD by banks
Capital Market Securities
Bonds, Mortgages, Stocks
Derivative Securities
Futures, Options, Swaps, Forwards

26. Debt vs. Equity Debt security Equity security
1) Holder is a creditor of the firm.
No say in running of the firm.
1) Holder is an owner of the firm.
Have a say in running of the firm (by voting).
2) Fixed payment.
2) Payment is not fixed. No guaranteed cash flow from firm.
3) Receives payment before anything is paid to equity holders.
3) Receives what’s left over after all debt holders/creditors are paid.
4) If firm cannot pay, debt holders will take over ownership of firm assets.
4) If firm cannot pay debt holders, loses control of firm to debt holders.
5) Limited liability.

27. What are some financial institutions?
Commercial banks
Investment banks
Savings & Loans, mutual savings banks, and credit unions
Life insurance companies
Mutual funds
Pension funds
Hedge funds and private equity funds

28. Types of Stock Transaction Orders
Instructions on how a transaction is to be completed
Market Order– Transact as quickly as possible at current price
Limit Order– Transact only if specific situation occurs. For example, buy if price drops to $50 or below during the next two hours.

29. Auction Markets
Participants have a seat on the exchange, meet face-to-face, and place orders for themselves or for their clients
NYSE and AMEX are the two largest auction markets for stocks.

30. Dealer Markets
“Dealers” keep an inventory of the stock (or other financial asset) and place bid and ask
Often many dealers for each stock
Computerized quotation system keeps track of bid and ask prices, but does not automatically match buyers and sellers.
Examples: Nasdaq

31. Over the Counter (OTC) Markets
In the old days, securities were kept in a safe behind the counter, and passed “over the counter” when they were sold.
Now the OTC market is the equivalent of a computer bulletin board (e.g., Nasdaq Pink Sheets), which allows potential buyers and sellers to post an offer.
No dealers
Very poor liquidity

32. Financial Securities Quotation
Quotes can be found in a variety of print sources (Wall Street Journal) and online sources (Yahoo!Finance, CNNMoney).

33. After Chapter Homework
Questions: (1-3)
Mini case: b, c, d, e, f.