1. Theories Of Migration
IB SL

2. Models Ravenstein’s Laws Of Migration Newton’s Gravity Model
Zelinsky’s Model Of Mobility Transition
Clark’s Model Of Migration Decision
Lee’s Intervening Obstacles Model
Stouffer’s Law Of Intervening Opportunities

3. Activity
6 theories of migration are going to be discussed... Copy the following table and enter the Strengths and Weaknesses for each theory throughout the discussion of each:

4. Theories Of Migration Ravenstein Newton Zelinsky Clark Lee Stouffer AD

5. Ravenstein’s Laws Of Migration
Every migration flow generates a return or countermigration.
The majority of migrants move a short distance.
Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big-city destinations
Urban residents are often less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas.
Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults.
Other Influences Include:
Migration stage by stage
Migration and Technology
Economic condition

6. Ravenstein
Most migrants travel short distances and their numbers decrease as distance increases

7. Newton
"Any two bodies attract one another with a force that is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.“
When used geographically, the words 'bodies' and 'masses' are replaced by 'locations' and 'importance' respectively, where importance can be measured in terms of population numbers, gross domestic product, or another appropriate variables.
The gravity model of migration is therefore based upon the idea that as the importance of one or both of the location increases, there will also be an increase in movement between them. The farther apart the two locations are, however, the movement between them will be less.

8. Zelinsky
Stage 1 of the DTM: Pre industrialized economies
Economies that have not yet developed are made up of rural countries and subsistence farmers. There will only be Rural – Urban migration between the settlements, if at all, as there are few urban areas.
Industrializing countries
As countries start to industrialize (UK in the 18th & 19th century) there is increased migration from the countryside to the cities where there were better wages and an increase in the standards of living.
Stage 4 of the DTM: Post industrial economies
Advanced countries that rely on tertiary industry more than secondary industry show an increase in Urban – Rural migration. Technological and transport movement improvements mean that people do not have to live close to where they work. Inter-urbanization occurs as people move to the suburbs

9. Internal Vs External Forces + Stress
Clark
Internal Vs External Forces + Stress

10. Lee Push Pull Job opportunities Better living conditions
Not enough jobs
Few opportunities
Primitive conditions
Desertification
Famine or drought
Political fear or persecution
Poor medical care
Loss of wealth
Natural disasters
Death threats
Lack of political or religious freedom
Pollution
Poor housing
Landlord/tenant issues
Bullying
Discrimination
Poor chances of marrying
Job opportunities
Better living conditions
Political and/or religious freedom
Enjoyment
Education
Better medical care
Attractive climates
Security
Family links
Industry
Better chances of marrying

11. Lee’s Theory of Migration Reasons for Movement

12. Is It This Simple Though?
Lee’s Theory of Migration
The decision of groups or households to move is an important factor
Migration is not just ‘outside forces and pull/push factors but a deep conscious decision that individuals make

13. Intervening Obstacles
Lee pointed out that the migration process is selective because differentials such as age, gender, and social class affect how persons respond to push-pull factors
These conditions also shape their ability to overcome intervening obstacles.
Furthermore, personal factors such as a person's education, knowledge of a potential receiver population, family ties, and the like can facilitate or retard migration

16. Stouffer
The number of persons going a given distance is directly proportional to the number of opportunities at that distance and inversely proportional to the number of intervening opportunities.“
Stouffer theorises that the amount of migration over a given distance is directly proportional to the number of opportunities at the place of destination, and inversely proportional to the number of opportunities between the place of departure and the place of destination.
These intervening opportunities may persuade a migrant to settle in a place in the route rather than proceeding to the originally planned destination. Stouffer argued that the volume of migration had less to do with distance and population totals than with the opportunities in each location

17. Using The Models Of Migration W/S...
See if you can add any more Advantages/ Disadvantages of each theory.
Which theory would you choose to best represent you if you were in a decision to migrate (give reasons).
Which theory do you feel has most problems (why)?