1. By Despina Ikik, Jamie Liddell, Zack Lopez, Tamkin Naghshbandi, Rachel Tam

3. Scientists theorize that people migrated from Asia to North America over the Bering land bridge

4. The first recorded meeting between Europeans (Norse) and Aboriginal peoples in Newfoundland

5. the leadership of Joseph Brant, Mohawks settle on the Grand River after being displaced following the American Revolution

6. The code of Handsome Lake is developed 1815 CE Handsome Lake dies, Aug 10

7. Creation of residential school system

8. Potlatch ceremonies are banned by the federal government 1876 CE Indian Act is passed A residential school is turned into the Woodland Cultural Centre in Brantford, Ontario 1970 CE

9. Elijah Harper stops Meech Lake Accord The Oka Crisis explodes when plans for a golf course clash with Aboriginal sacred burial grounds

10. Canadian Government expresses profound regret to Canada’s Aboriginal peoples for past mistreatment and issues Statement of Reconciliation

11. The new territory of Nunavut is created

12. Cannot pinpoint an origin/founder of Aboriginal spirituality Origins are ancient beyond record, theory says they “came out of this ground” Archaeological evidence supports that Aboriginal people migrated from Asia to North and South America by land bridge over Bering Strait (between Alaska & Russia), approx. 35,000 years ago

13. 80% of the world’s Aboriginal peoples live in Asia 13% live in North/South America Currently, 800,000 Aboriginal people live in Canada, some in every province

14. Many Aboriginal’s believe that everything in the world is alive All things human & non- human have spirits or souls Known as Animism.

15. Some say this belief is polytheistic, believing in many gods Believe in a supreme Creator Black Elk, born 1863, Sioux holy man from the Great Plains His theory was that every living thing was related and we were at one with all of them

17. Link Aboriginal people to their mythical ancestors They are protective entities (plant, animal or mythological being of a clean individual) People of the same totem are considered to be close relatives and may not marry

18. Connects earth to heaven Integral to the sun dance The white pine is key for Iroquois because they gather around it to offer thanks to the earth

19. With this device the Aboriginals believe that bad dreams are filtered through the web and displaced into the universe and good dreams are held onto the web for you to hold on to

20. Made by laying many stones in a particular pattern Symbol of healing and connection with the elements All over North America Manifestation of spiritual energy Usually, there are four sections

22. southern Ontario cleanse Male elders lead Dance around a cotton wood tree Gives respect to the Tree of the Universe This lasts from dawn to noon A huge feast of meat and fish follows

23. in the Great Plains 8 to 16 days Summer Banned in the 1880s but is practised now What they do: Prayer Promises Dance

24. Northwest Pacific coast Banned in 1884, ban lifted in 1951 Celebration of important events Songs and dance are performed to the Great Spirit Host distributes wealth The more they give away, the more prestigious the host becomes.

25. Great Plains nations Renews the soul and helps to regain focus Cleanses bodies A sauna like dome is built and participants go inside Prayers and sacred pipes are also shared

26. Sub Arctic to Great Lakes region Represents the v alues and beliefs of the supernatural world Communicate with spirits Build a cylindrical tent This is ceremony always at night

27. Practised all over Cleansing, purification Burns sweet grass and Tobacco

28. Prayers are passed down through generations by telling and retelling stories and events Elders and Shamans memorise the stories and become “keeper” who then pass them on to younger generations

29. Ancestry: 2001: 1.3 million report Aboriginal ancestry [4.4%/ total population] 2001: 1 million identified as being Aboriginal Aboriginal fertility > above overall Canadian birth rate

30. Medicine: “medicine men” (rarely women) Medicine men > only people to pronounce illness/disease Use plants + magic Methods/ Plants used in 21 st Century : Lemongrass, tamarind, red ash

31. Religion changeable, absorbs elements of other beliefs “Feeling of oneness and belonging” Spiritual connection to land Ceremonies (corroborees): totems, community gathering, story telling, dreaming, storytelling