1. Antibody production Immunity and vaccination Monoclonal antibodies Blood clotting
IB2 Biology
Jin Young

2. Stages in Antibody Production
Antigen presentation
Activation of helper T-cells
Activation of B-cells
Production of plasma cells
Production of memory cells

3. Stage 1: Antigen presentation
Macrophages take in antigens
Attach to MHC proteins
Move to the plasma membrane
Antigens displayed on the surface

4. Stage 2: Activation of helper T-cells
Receptors with same antigen-binding domain
Helper T-cell binds to macrophage
Macrophage activates T-cell

5. Stage 3: Activation of B-cells
Inactive B-cells with antibodies in plasma membrane
When they match an antigen, they bind
Activated helper T-cell bind to B-cell
B-cell is activated

6. Stage 4: Production of plasma cells
Activated B-cells go through mitosis
Cloning
Become active
Develop plasma cells (cytoplasm)
Synthesis of large amounts of antibody

7. Stage 5: Production of memory cells
T-cells and B-cells
Remain and rapidly respond
Give long-term immunity
Animation

8. Active and passive immunity
Active immunity: antibodies by the organism itself
Passive immunity: antibodies received from another organism
During pregnancy antibodies passed to the fetus

9. Vaccination Vaccine Booster shot Weakened forms Killed forms
Chemicals produced by the microorganism
Booster shot
Stimulate production of enough antibodies

10. Vaccination (contd.) Benefits Dangers
Epidemics and pandemics prevented
Deaths prevented
Disability prevented
Reduce health care costs
Dangers
Adverse reactions
Severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis)
Fever
Pain
Swelling
redness

11. Principles of antibody production
Clonal selection
> 1015 antibodies
B-cells clone themselves
Challenge and response
Immunity developed only when disease challenges the immune system

12. Production of monoclonal antibodies
Antigens injected to an animal
B-cells extracted from the animal
Tumour cells obtained
B-cells fused with tumour cells
Hybridoma cells- produce antibody
Antibodies are extracted and purified

13. Blood clotting Blood clot: semi-solid from blood
Seal up the wound
Prevent pathogens entering
Platelets: small cell fragments that circulate in blood plasma

14. Clotting Release of clotting factors Set off a series of reactions
Damaged tissues
Plasma
Set off a series of reactions
In the last reaction, soluble plasma is altered
Long proten fibres, fibrin
Fibrin forms a mesh of fibres, incld. blood cells
Form semi-solid clot
Dries when exposed to air

15. Vocab Antigens: foreign proteins that trigger an immune response
Antibodies: protein molecules that we produce in response to a specific type of pathogen
Macrophage: a type of leucocyte that gets involved very early in the process of fighting off a pathogen
Fibrin: fibrous protein which forms a mesh-like network that helps to stabilize the platelet plug
Active immunity: the organism produces antibodies on its own; always leads to the production of memory cells and thus provides a long-term immunity to a pathogen
Passive immunity: when one organism acquires antibodies which were produced in another organism