1. Elements in Earth Science
Each element is made of atoms that are the same
Each atom is made of protons, neutrons, and electrons

2. Most Common Elements in Earth Science
Oxygen O
Silicon Si
Aluminum Al
Iron Fe
Calcium Ca
Sodium Na
Potassium K
Magnesium Mg
Titanium Ti
Hydrogen H

3. In general … simpler elements are more common
In general … the more familiar an element, the more abundant

4. Minerals Is an element or compound found naturally in rocks and soils.
There are more than 3500 named minerals.
New minerals are being found every year.

5. Characteristics of Minerals
All are solids
Form naturally
Never part of living things
Definite chemical makeup
Definite atomic pattern

6. Slow cooling minerals form large crystals
Fast cooling minerals form small crystals

7. Rocks Made up of one or more minerals
3 types: Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic

8. Igneous Fire formed Cools and hardens from magma Magma is in the earth
Lava is on the earth

9. 2 types of Igneous Intrusive – cools inside Earth Cools slowly
Extrusive – cools outside Earth
Cools quickly

10. Intrusive Granite – most common, “mountain guts”
Diorite – iron and magnesium
Gabbro – dark, large crystals
Peridotite – green, most of upper crust

11. Extrusive Basalt – common, hard, dark
Andesite – began cooling in crust finished on surface large/small crystals
Rhyolite – cooled slowly then fast
Pumice – light, spongy look
Obsidian – volcanic glass, cools fast

12. Sedimentary
Layers of particles that are moved from one place to another.
3 types: Clastic, Chemical, Organic

13. Clastic Most common Made of other rocks
Particles accumulate and harden
Weathering is an active process

14. 2 Processes cause clastics to harden
Weight of upper layers squeeze out liquids
Minerals dissolved in ground water act as cement

15. Conglomerate – pebble pieces, rounded
Breccia – boulder pieces, sharp

16. Sandstone – sandsized quartz, variety of colors
Shale – most common, mud, clay, silts

17. Chemical Limestone – 50% calcite from seashells
Coquina – large pieces of shell
Chalk – microscopic pieces of shell

18. Halite – hard, created by evaporation
Gypsum – soft, created by evaporation
Chert – hard, created by heat

19. Organic
Coal – black, coarse, decayed plant life

20. Special Features of Sedimentary Rocks
Layering (bedding)
Fossils
Geode (minerals in a hole or cavity)
Concretions (minerals form around a grain or fossil)

21. Metamorphic Created by 1 of 2 processes
Regional process – most common, heat and pressure over large area
Contact – heat and pressure next to magma chambers
2 types: Foliated, Nonfoliated

22. Foliated “layered” rocks Slate – made from shale
Gneiss – made from granite

23. Nonfoliated No ‘layers’ Marble – made from limestone
Quartzite – made from quartz