1. Symbols Used in Chemical Equations

2. SymbolMeaning

4. SymbolMeaning yields; This indicates the result of a reaction.

5. SymbolMeaning yields; This indicates the result of a reaction.

6. SymbolMeaning yields; This indicates the result of a reaction. This indicates a reversible reaction.

7. SymbolMeaning yields; This indicates the result of a reaction. This indicates a reversible reaction. (s) or

8. SymbolMeaning yields; This indicates the result of a reaction. This indicates a reversible reaction. (s) or The reactant or product is a solid.

9. SymbolMeaning yields; This indicates the result of a reaction. This indicates a reversible reaction. (s) or The reactant or product is a solid. The arrow is usually used for products and not reactants

10. SymbolMeaning yields; This indicates the result of a reaction. This indicates a reversible reaction. (s) or The reactant or product is a solid. (l)

11. SymbolMeaning yields; This indicates the result of a reaction. This indicates a reversible reaction. (s) or The reactant or product is a solid. (l)The reactant or product is a liquid.

12. SymbolMeaning yields; This indicates the result of a reaction. This indicates a reversible reaction. (s) or The reactant or product is a solid. (l)The reactant or product is a liquid. (g) or

13. SymbolMeaning yields; This indicates the result of a reaction. This indicates a reversible reaction. (s) or The reactant or product is a solid. (l)The reactant or product is a liquid. (g) or The reactant or product is a gas.

14. SymbolMeaning yields; This indicates the result of a reaction. This indicates a reversible reaction. (s) or The reactant or product is a solid. (l)The reactant or product is a liquid. (g) or The reactant or product is a gas. The arrow is usually used for products and not reactants

15. SymbolMeaning yields; This indicates the result of a reaction. This indicates a reversible reaction. (s) or The reactant or product is a solid. (l)The reactant or product is a liquid. (g) or The reactant or product is a gas. (aq)

16. SymbolMeaning yields; This indicates the result of a reaction. This indicates a reversible reaction. (s) or The reactant or product is a solid. (l)The reactant or product is a liquid. (g) or The reactant or product is a gas. (aq)The reactant or product is dissolved in water.

17. SymbolMeaning yields; This indicates the result of a reaction. This indicates a reversible reaction. (s) or The reactant or product is a solid. (l)The reactant or product is a liquid. (g) or The reactant or product is a gas. (aq)The reactant or product is dissolved in water. or heat Δ

18. SymbolMeaning yields; This indicates the result of a reaction. This indicates a reversible reaction. (s) or The reactant or product is a solid. (l)The reactant or product is a liquid. (g) or The reactant or product is a gas. (aq)The reactant or product is dissolved in water. orThe reactants are heated. heat Δ

19. SymbolMeaning yields; This indicates the result of a reaction. This indicates a reversible reaction. (s) or The reactant or product is a solid. (l)The reactant or product is a liquid. (g) or The reactant or product is a gas. (aq)The reactant or product is dissolved in water. orThe reactants are heated. heat Δ pressure

20. SymbolMeaning yields; This indicates the result of a reaction. This indicates a reversible reaction. (s) or The reactant or product is a solid. (l)The reactant or product is a liquid. (g) or The reactant or product is a gas. (aq)The reactant or product is dissolved in water. orThe reactants are heated. The reaction is carried out at high pressure. heat Δ pressure

21. SymbolMeaning yields; This indicates the result of a reaction. This indicates a reversible reaction. (s) or The reactant or product is a solid. (l)The reactant or product is a liquid. (g) or The reactant or product is a gas. (aq)The reactant or product is dissolved in water. orThe reactants are heated. The reaction is carried out at high pressure. heat Δ pressure 0° C

22. SymbolMeaning yields; This indicates the result of a reaction. This indicates a reversible reaction. (s) or The reactant or product is a solid. (l)The reactant or product is a liquid. (g) or The reactant or product is a gas. (aq)The reactant or product is dissolved in water. orThe reactants are heated. The reaction is carried out at high pressure. The reaction is carried out at 0° C. heat Δ pressure 0° C

23. SymbolMeaning yields; This indicates the result of a reaction. This indicates a reversible reaction. (s) or The reactant or product is a solid. (l)The reactant or product is a liquid. (g) or The reactant or product is a gas. (aq)The reactant or product is dissolved in water. orThe reactants are heated. The reaction is carried out at high pressure. The reaction is carried out at 0° C. heat Δ pressure 0° C MnO 2

24. SymbolMeaning yields; This indicates the result of a reaction. This indicates a reversible reaction. (s) or The reactant or product is a solid. (l)The reactant or product is a liquid. (g) or The reactant or product is a gas. (aq)The reactant or product is dissolved in water. orThe reactants are heated. The reaction is carried out at high pressure. The reaction is carried out at 0° C. The reaction is carried out with a catalyst (MnO 2 ). heat Δ pressure 0° C MnO 2

26. For example:

27. In the reaction:

28. For example: In the reaction: Zn (s)

29. For example: In the reaction: Zn (s) + HCl (aq)

30. For example: In the reaction: Zn (s) + HCl (aq)

31. For example: In the reaction: Zn (s) + HCl (aq) Zn 2+ (aq)

32. For example: In the reaction: Zn (s) + HCl (aq) Zn 2+ (aq) + Cl – (aq)

33. For example: In the reaction: Zn (s) + HCl (aq) Zn 2+ (aq) + Cl – (aq) + H 2 (g)

34. For example: In the reaction: Zn (s) + HCl (aq) Zn 2+ (aq) + Cl – (aq) + H 2 (g) We read this as –

35. For example: In the reaction: Zn (s) + HCl (aq) Zn 2+ (aq) + Cl – (aq) + H 2 (g) We read this as – Solid zinc

36. For example: In the reaction: Zn (s) + HCl (aq) Zn 2+ (aq) + Cl – (aq) + H 2 (g) We read this as – Solid zinc

37. For example: In the reaction: Zn (s) + HCl (aq) Zn 2+ (aq) + Cl – (aq) + H 2 (g) We read this as – Solid zinc

38. For example: In the reaction: Zn (s) + HCl (aq) Zn 2+ (aq) + Cl – (aq) + H 2 (g) We read this as – Solid zinc and hydrochloric acid in water

39. For example: In the reaction: Zn (s) + HCl (aq) Zn 2+ (aq) + Cl – (aq) + H 2 (g) We read this as – Solid zinc and hydrochloric acid in water

40. For example: In the reaction: Zn (s) + HCl (aq) Zn 2+ (aq) + Cl – (aq) + H 2 (g) We read this as – Solid zinc and hydrochloric acid in water

41. For example: In the reaction: Zn (s) + HCl (aq) Zn 2+ (aq) + Cl – (aq) + H 2 (g) We read this as – Solid zinc and hydrochloric acid in water react to form zinc ion with a 2+ charge in water

42. For example: In the reaction: Zn (s) + HCl (aq) Zn 2+ (aq) + Cl – (aq) + H 2 (g) We read this as – Solid zinc and hydrochloric acid in water react to form zinc ion with a 2+ charge in water

43. For example: In the reaction: Zn (s) + HCl (aq) Zn 2+ (aq) + Cl – (aq) + H 2 (g) We read this as – Solid zinc and hydrochloric acid in water react to form zinc ion with a 2+ charge in water

44. For example: In the reaction: Zn (s) + HCl (aq) Zn 2+ (aq) + Cl – (aq) + H 2 (g) We read this as – Solid zinc and hydrochloric acid in water react to form zinc ion with a 2+ charge in water, chloride ion with a 1– charge in water

45. For example: In the reaction: Zn (s) + HCl (aq) Zn 2+ (aq) + Cl – (aq) + H 2 (g) We read this as – Solid zinc and hydrochloric acid in water react to form zinc ion with a 2+ charge in water, chloride ion with a 1– charge in water

46. For example: In the reaction: Zn (s) + HCl (aq) Zn 2+ (aq) + Cl – (aq) + H 2 (g) We read this as – Solid zinc and hydrochloric acid in water react to form zinc ion with a 2+ charge in water, chloride ion with a 1– charge in water

47. For example: In the reaction: Zn (s) + HCl (aq) Zn 2+ (aq) + Cl – (aq) + H 2 (g) We read this as – Solid zinc and hydrochloric acid in water react to form zinc ion with a 2+ charge in water, chloride ion with a 1– charge in water, and hydrogen gas.

48. For example: In the reaction: Zn (s) + HCl (aq) Zn 2+ (aq) + Cl – (aq) + H 2 (g) We read this as – Solid zinc and hydrochloric acid in water react to form zinc ion with a 2+ charge in water, chloride ion with a 1– charge in water, and hydrogen gas.

49. For example: In the reaction: Zn (s) + HCl (aq) Zn 2+ (aq) + Cl – (aq) + H 2 (g) We read this as – Solid zinc and hydrochloric acid in water react to form zinc ion with a 2+ charge in water, chloride ion with a 1– charge in water, and hydrogen gas.

50. For example: In the reaction: Zn (s) + HCl (aq) Zn 2+ (aq) + Cl – (aq) + H 2 (g) We read this as – Solid zinc and hydrochloric acid in water react to form zinc ion with a 2+ charge in water, chloride ion with a 1– charge in water, and hydrogen gas. We also need to balance the equation.

51. For example: In the reaction: Zn (s) + HCl (aq) Zn 2+ (aq) + Cl – (aq) + H 2 (g) We read this as – Solid zinc and hydrochloric acid in water react to form zinc ion with a 2+ charge in water, chloride ion with a 1– charge in water, and hydrogen gas. We also need to balance the equation. Two hydrogens on the right mean two on the left as well.

52. For example: In the reaction: Zn (s) + HCl (aq) Zn 2+ (aq) + Cl – (aq) + H 2 (g) We read this as – Solid zinc and hydrochloric acid in water react to form zinc ion with a 2+ charge in water, chloride ion with a 1– charge in water, and hydrogen gas. We also need to balance the equation. Two hydrogens on the right mean two on the left as well.

53. For example: In the reaction: Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) Zn 2+ (aq) + Cl – (aq) + H 2 (g) We read this as – Solid zinc and hydrochloric acid in water react to form zinc ion with a 2+ charge in water, chloride ion with a 1– charge in water, and hydrogen gas. We also need to balance the equation. Two hydrogens on the right mean two on the left as well.

54. For example: In the reaction: Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) Zn 2+ (aq) + Cl – (aq) + H 2 (g) We read this as – Solid zinc and hydrochloric acid in water react to form zinc ion with a 2+ charge in water, chloride ion with a 1– charge in water, and hydrogen gas. We also need to balance the equation. Two hydrogens on the right mean two on the left as well.

55. For example: In the reaction: Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) Zn 2+ (aq) + Cl – (aq) + H 2 (g) We read this as – Solid zinc and hydrochloric acid in water react to form zinc ion with a 2+ charge in water, chloride ion with a 1– charge in water, and hydrogen gas. We also need to balance the equation. Two hydrogens on the right mean two on the left as well. Two chlorines on the left mean two on the right as well.

56. For example: In the reaction: Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) Zn 2+ (aq) + Cl – (aq) + H 2 (g) We read this as – Solid zinc and hydrochloric acid in water react to form zinc ion with a 2+ charge in water, chloride ion with a 1– charge in water, and hydrogen gas. We also need to balance the equation. Two hydrogens on the right mean two on the left as well. Two chlorines on the left mean two on the right as well.

57. For example: In the reaction: Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) Zn 2+ (aq) + 2Cl – (aq) + H 2 (g) We read this as – Solid zinc and hydrochloric acid in water react to form zinc ion with a 2+ charge in water, chloride ion with a 1– charge in water, and hydrogen gas. We also need to balance the equation. Two hydrogens on the right mean two on the left as well. Two chlorines on the left mean two on the right as well.

58. For example: In the reaction: Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) Zn 2+ (aq) + 2Cl – (aq) + H 2 (g) We read this as – Solid zinc and hydrochloric acid in water react to form zinc ion with a 2+ charge in water, chloride ion with a 1– charge in water, and hydrogen gas. We also need to balance the equation. Two hydrogens on the right mean two on the left as well. Two chlorines on the left mean two on the right as well. The equation is balanced.

59. For example: In the reaction: Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) Zn 2+ (aq) + 2Cl – (aq) + H 2 (g) We read this as – Solid zinc and hydrochloric acid in water react to form zinc ion with a 2+ charge in water, chloride ion with a 1– charge in water, and hydrogen gas.

60. For example: In the reaction: Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) Zn 2+ (aq) + 2Cl – (aq) + H 2 (g) We read this as – Solid zinc and hydrochloric acid in water react to form zinc ion with a 2+ charge in water, chloride ion with a 1– charge in water, and hydrogen gas. We could also write the equation as follows –

61. For example: In the reaction: Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) Zn 2+ (aq) + 2Cl – (aq) + H 2 (g) We read this as – Solid zinc and hydrochloric acid in water react to form zinc ion with a 2+ charge in water, chloride ion with a 1– charge in water, and hydrogen gas. We could also write the equation as follows – Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) Zn 2+ (aq) + 2Cl – (aq) + H 2

62. For example: In the reaction: Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) Zn 2+ (aq) + 2Cl – (aq) + H 2 (g) We read this as – Solid zinc and hydrochloric acid in water react to form zinc ion with a 2+ charge in water, chloride ion with a 1– charge in water, and hydrogen gas. We could also write the equation as follows – Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) Zn 2+ (aq) + 2Cl – (aq) + H 2 using the arrow symbol for gas.

63. For example: In the reaction: Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) Zn 2+ (aq) + 2Cl – (aq) + H 2 (g) We read this as – Solid zinc and hydrochloric acid in water react to form zinc ion with a 2+ charge in water, chloride ion with a 1– charge in water, and hydrogen gas. We could also write the equation as follows – Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) Zn 2+ (aq) + 2Cl – (aq) + H 2 using the arrow symbol for gas.

64. For example: In the reaction: Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) Zn 2+ (aq) + 2Cl – (aq) + H 2 (g) We read this as – Solid zinc and hydrochloric acid in water react to form zinc ion with a 2+ charge in water, chloride ion with a 1– charge in water, and hydrogen gas. We could also write the equation as follows – Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) Zn 2+ (aq) + 2Cl – (aq) + H 2 using the arrow symbol for gas.