1. Reasons for Prussias Success in the Wars of Unification Bismarcks diplomacy ensured that Prussias enemies had no allies eg Denmark. Bismarck provoked other countries into declaring war first so that Prussia always appeared to have been acting in self- defence eg France. Prussia herself had an ally in two of the wars, so had larger armed forces to use (vs Denmark, vs Austria). Prussia took advantage of weak leadership to manoeuvre countries into war esp. France.

2. Reasons, cont. Prussian political leadership was excellent, with Bismarck and King William I working together to promote the same, clear goal –unification of the German states into a single Kleindeutschland under Prussian domination. Prussia military leadership was outstanding (von Roon and von Moltke). Prussia only got involved in wars when the circumstances favoured her (Bismarcks opportunism).

3. Reasons, cont. The strength of the Prussian armed forces - very large numbers - extremely well equipped eg breech loading rifles - professional/well-trained - used railway network to mobilise and position troops quickly and efficiently - used the telegraph system to communicate effectively between forces - adapted well both to quick campaigns (vs Austria) and longer sieges (vs France).

4. Reasons, cont. Prussia industrialisation and economic wealth meant that - munitions, from heavy artillery to the new breech-loading rifles were modern, well-made and available in huge numbers to the army - a massive and efficient railway system existed which could move around both soldiers and the raw materials and munitions made from them. The whole of Prussia and the German states in general were increasingly nationalistic and popular support for the wars of unification was widespread.

5. Reasons, cont. Prussia recognised and exploited the weaknesses of other nations eg - Napoleon IIIs greed to ensure French neutrality over war with Austria - Austrias lack of efficient training and up- to-date weaponry - a lenient treaty with Austria after her defeat ensure Austria didnt side with France in the Franco-Prussian War.