1. Friction losses in Expansion, Contraction & Pipe Fittings
Friction losses in flow thro straight pipe are calculated by using Fanning friction factor ‘f ’
If the velocity of the fluid is changed in direction or magnitude, additional friction losses occur.
This results from additional turbulence which develops bec’z of vortices and other factors.
Sudden enlargement losses
Sudden contraction losses
Losses in fittings and valves

3. Sudden enlargement losses
Sudden contraction losses
Losses in fittings and valves

4. We know Bernoulli’s eqn…
Total friction losses to be used in Bernoulli’s equation……

5. Prob 2
An elevated storage tank contains water at 82.2°C as shown in Fig. It is desired to have a discharge rate at point 2 of 0.223ft3/s. What must be the height H in ft of the surface of the water in the tank relative to the discharge point? The pipe used is commercial steel pipe, schedule 40, and the lengths of the straight portions of pipe are shown.
Density = 0.97 g/cc ; viscosity = cP

6. For Schedule 40 pipe,
4” = 4.026”
2” = 2.067” and ε = 4.6x10-5m
Kc = 0.55 (for tank – 4”pipe)
Kf = 0.75 (4”elbow & 2”elbow)
Kc = (4” – 2” pipe)

7. Contraction loss @ tank exit
Friction in 4” pipe
Friction in 4” elbow
Contraction loss from 4” to 2” pipe
Friction in 2” pipe
Friction in the two 2” elbow

8. v3 = (0.223 ft3 /sec) / CSA of 4” pipe
= m/sec
v4 = v2 = (0.223 ft3 /sec) / CSA of 2” pipe
= m/sec

9. Contraction loss @ tank exit
Friction in 4” pipe

10. Friction in 4” elbow
4. Contraction loss from 4” to 2” pipe

11. Friction in 2” pipe

12. 6. Friction in the two 2” elbow

13. p1 =p2
v1<<v2

14. Prob 3
20ºC is being pumped from a tank at the rate of 5x10-3 m3/s. All of the piping is 4” schedule 40 pipe. The pump has an efficiency of 65%. Calculate the kW power needed for the pump.
Given…for 4” Schedule 40 pipe, D=0.1023m
Kc=0.55 Density = kg/m3
Kf=0.75 Viscosity=1.005 cP
Kex=1.0

16. Velocity = (5x10-3 ) / CSA = 0.6083 m/s
Frictional losses are……..
Contraction tank exit
Friction in straight pipe
Friction in the two elbows
Expansion tank entrance
Velocity = (5x10-3 ) / CSA = m/s

17. 1. Contraction loss @ tank exit
2. Friction in straight pipe MOODY chart.ppt

18. 3. Friction in the two elbows
Total losses = J/kg
4. Expansion tank entrance

19. By Bernoulli’s eqn…

20. EQUIVALENT LENGTH
In some applications it is convenient to calculate pressure drops in fittings from added equivalent lengths of straight pipe
‘Le’ is the equivalent length of st. pipe in m having the same frictional loss as the fitting.
The ‘Le’ values for fittings are simply added to length of the st. pipe to get the total length of equivalent st. pipe to use in (FL)

21. Water @ 20ºC is pumped from a storage tank thro 100m of
3cm dia pipe. The pipe line has TWO globe valves which
are fully open and THREE 90º elbows. Water is discharged
into another tank thro a spray nozzle. The discharge a
height of 20m above the level of water in the storage tank.
The pressure the nozzle entrance is 4x105
N/m2. Flow rate of water 1kg/sec. Viscosity is cP
f= /Re0.32
Estimate a). Energy loss due to fricition
b). Pump work required per kg of water
c). Theoretical HP required for the pump
Equivalent length in terms of pipe dia:
Open globe valve = 300D
90ºElbow =30D

22. V = m/sec
NRe =
f =
To calculate FL)T first find total length L’….
L’ = L + Le = { (2x300x0.03) + (3x30x0.03) } = m
= 2 f L’ v2 / D = J/kg
Sub. in Bernoulli’s eqn….assume Pa =1 atm
Wp = J/kg
= 0.786HP

23. Water is to be pumped from a pond to the top of a tower 1829cm above the water level in the pond. It is desired to deliver 0.34 cu m/min of water at a pressure of 2.08atm. The pipe line consists of 122m length of st. pipe of 7.62cm ID with EIGHT elbows of 90º & FOUR gate valves. Calculate the HP of the pump having an efficiency of 80%:
f= / Re0.2
Equivalent length in terms of pipe dia:
Gate valve = 7D
90ºElbow =32D

24. V = m/sec
NRe =
f =
To calculate FL)T first find total length L’….
L’ = L + Le = { (8x32x0.0762) + (4x7x0.0762) } = m
FL)T = 2 f L’ v2 / D = J/kg
Sub. in Bernoulli’s eqn….assume Pa =1 atm
Wp = J/kg
= 2.999HP

25. Flow in non-circular ducts
For flow in a duct of non-circular cross-section, the hydraulic mean diameter may be used in place of the pipe diameter and the formulae for circular pipes can then be applied without introducing a large error. This method of approach is entirely empirical.
The hydraulic mean diameter DH is defined as four times the hydraulic mean radius rH.
Hydraulic mean radius is defined as the flow cross-sectional area divided by the wetted perimeter.
rH = (cross sectional area of channel) / (wetted perimeter of channel)

26. Few Examples…… For circular tube….
Annulus between two concentric pipes…
For square duct….
For rectangular duct…..

27. prob1
a). Calculate the hydraulic mean diameter of the annular space between a 40mm and a 50mm tube.
b). A liquid having a density of 60.58lb/ft3 and a viscosity of 0.347cP is flowing thro a pipe of dia ft. The flow rate of the liquid is 75cm/sec. Calculate the Reynolds number.

28. A horizontally placed pipe carries fluid (sp. gr. 983 and viscosity 8
A horizontally placed pipe carries fluid (sp.gr and viscosity 8.35cP) at a mass flow rate of 50kg/s/. Besides the pipe friction there is a flow restriction in the pipe whose frictional resistance can be expressed as HR= 4.65V metres of fluid where V is the ave.linear velocity of the fluid in m/s. The friction factor in the pipe is given by
f=0.073/NRe0.226
If the internal dia of pipe is 45cm and its length is 4000m, calculate the total flow resistance developed during flow, expressed as metres of the flowing liquid

29. 60% sulfuric acid is to be pumped at the rate of 4000cc/sec thro a pipe 25mm dia and raised to a height of 25m. The pipe is 30m long and it runs straight. Calculate the theoretical power required.
The sp.gr of the acid is Friction factor may be assumed to be
2.08 HP

30. Water at a rate of 200tons/hr has to be pumped from a river to factory overhead tank placed at a height of 25m from the river bed; the total length of pipeline is 1.5km. Cast iron pipe having an ID of 30cm will be used for the purpose. The average temperature of water in the river may be taken as 30ºC, viscosity 0.764cP
Cal Re
Head lost due to friction
Re = 3x105
f =
h = 2.255m

31. Its planned to install a steel pipe with an ID of 20cm to transfer 1000kg/m3, molasses having a viscosity 500cP and density 1.6g/cc. The line is to be 1000m long and delivery end is to be 5m higher than the intake. Calculate
Pressure drop due to friction
If overall efficiency of the pump is 60% what will be the HP required?
v = m/s
Re = 212.2
f =
(FL)T = J/kg
Wp = J/kg== 4.92HP

32. Determine the cost of pumping 3,00,000L/hr of an oil, sp. gravity 0
Determine the cost of pumping 3,00,000L/hr of an oil, sp.gravity 0.9 and viscosity 30cP thro a pipeline, 25cm dia and 50km long. It may be assumed that the efficiency of pump together with motor is 50% and the power costs 40paise/kW. The pipe line is horizontal and f = 0.046/Re0.20
v = 1.697m/s
Re = 12,732
f = 6.946x10-3
FL)T = J/kg
Wp = J/kg
==Wp = kW
Therefore cost = Rs.480/-

33. Write short notes on following:
ASSIGNMENT - II
Write short notes on following:
Boundary layer formation
Boundary layer separation
Drag coefficient
Stream lining
Entry length calculation
Fully developed flow
Last date of submission: 21th April

34. Write short notes on following:
ASSIGNMENT - III
Write short notes on following:
Positive displacement pumps
Rotary pumps
Airlift pumps
Jet pumps
Fans, blowers and compressors
Different types of pipe fittings and valves
Last date of submission: 7th May