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Current Issues in the Anesthetic Treatment of the Patient for Orthopedic Sugery 경희의료원 마취통증의학과 R4 김영순.

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Presentation on theme: "Current Issues in the Anesthetic Treatment of the Patient for Orthopedic Sugery 경희의료원 마취통증의학과 R4 김영순."— Presentation transcript:

1 Current Issues in the Anesthetic Treatment of the Patient for Orthopedic Sugery
경희의료원 마취통증의학과 R4 김영순

2 1. Peripheral Nerve Blocks
Resurgence in the popularity of regional anesthesia techniques Perioperative pain relief Current issues in regional anesthesia Choice of technique (PNS vs. paresthesia) Appropriate mA and nerve response to accept Superficial stimulation Choice for procedure below the elbow Choice for postOP pain relief Blocks in anesthetized patients

3 1. Peripheral Nerve Blocks
PNS is preffered Clear endpoint High success rate Ability to minimize paresthesia Long history of minimal significant complications Success with a PNS Knowledge of anatomy Initial stimulating current 1 to 1.5 mA : not painful “Fine-tune mode” When a twitch is obtained, decrease stimulating current Injection of local anesthetic When the best twitch is obtained at the lowest mA possible (0.2 to 0.3 mA) 2 mL injection after negative aspiration Loss of twitch confirms proximity of the needle to the nerves The remainder is injected with intermittent aspiration Another method : use of ultrasound Less current to stimulate the motor(A-α) fibers of a mixed motor and sensory nerve than the sensory or pain fibers (A-δ or C fibers

4 1. Peripheral Nerve Blocks
Controversy about the proper mA In early days, 0.5 to 1.0 mA as endpoint Decreased to 0.2 to 0.3 mA With the use of insulated needles and close attention to success rate Concerns about impaling the nerve Block should not be performed with the Pt. asleep Unusual resistance or significant pain on injection No strong evidence that 0.2 mA is associated with the needle being intraneural Choyce et al. Blocks should not performed in adult patients during general anesthesia Intraneural injection Injection of the cervial spinal cord Choyce et al.

5 1. Peripheral Nerve Blocks
Superficial stimulation Locating nerves superficially on skin with a PNS Entry point is determined before a needle stick The number of needle sticks is decreased The anesthesiologist looks more adept Metal component of an ECG electrode Example ; Brachial plexus In the axilla ECG electrode is connected to the nerve stimulator with the current at approximately 5 mA Twitches of the brachial plexus are sought as proximal in the axilla Area is marked and becomes the needle entry location site for performing the block

6 1. Peripheral Nerve Blocks
Based on the site of surgery Interscalene block Shoulder down to the midshaft of the humerus Infraclavicular nerve block Elbow, forearm, and hand Axillary block Ulnar side of the hand . Infraclavicular block Fig. 1 Diagram of the infraclavicular block

7 1. Peripheral Nerve Blocks
Infraclavicular block (Fig. 1) Instead of palpating for the axillary artery, superficial stimulation can be used to locate the brachial plexus as proximal in the axilla as possible Advantage at this level Musculocutaneous nerve is still part of the brachial plexus No need for a separate block of the musculocutaneous nerve in the coracobrachialis muscle Biceps twitch is not a reliable endpoint Twitches in the hand or forearm should be used as the endpoint Generated from the median, ulnar, or radial nerve

8 1. Peripheral Nerve Blocks
Lumbar plexus block For lower extremity surgery In the distribution of the femoral, obturator, and lateral femoral cutaneous nerves Fractured hip repair, femoral shaft surgery, and other anterior femur surgery Femoral and lateral femoral cutaneous nerve block Femoral neck fractures necessitating cannulated pinning Combined femoral and sciatic nerve block Effective for procedures on the knee or distal to the knee Femoral nerve block or fascia iliaca block Postoperative pain relief after knee surgery

9 1. Peripheral Nerve Blocks
Fascia iliaca block (Fig. 2) does not use the nerve stimulator technique Between the femoral nerve and the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve Fig.2. Diagram of the fascia iliaca block Fascia iliaca block

10 2. Spine Surgery Current issues
Understanding the degree of cervical spine pathology Caring for patients undergoing prolonged surgical procedure Use of lung isolation technique Loss of vision The effect of NSAIDs on bone healing

11 Difficulty intubating patients with RA
2. Spine Surgery Difficulty intubating patients with RA Temporomandibular joint arthritis Hypoplastic mandible Overbite Effects of RA on the cervical spine Atlantoaxial subluxation Subaxial subluxation Superior migration of the odontoid Ankylosing spondylitis Fused cervical spines fixed in a flexed position Forced movement ; cervical cord damage The head must be supported Breathing in a rapid shallow pattern Atlantoaxial subluxation Subaxial subluxation Superior migration of the odontoid

12 Organized approach to the Pts. with cervical spine disease
2. Spine Surgery Organized approach to the Pts. with cervical spine disease Proper preOP evaluation Range of motion Review of x-rays in flexion and extension Appropriate use of intubation aides; flexible bronchoscope Major spine surgery Anterior procedure Thoracic exposure, lung isolation Taking many hours Major blood loss and fluid shifts Perioperative considerations Controlling blood pressure Monitoring spinal cord function Treating blood loss Positioning concerns

13 Lung isolation technique
2. Spine Surgery Lung isolation technique Double-lumen tube or bronchial blocker Univent tube® (Fig.3) Advantage Does not have to change the endotracheal tube between ant. and post. portions of the surgery Can be left in place if controlled ventilation is necessary in the postoperative period Drawback External diameter is large Fig.3 Diagram of technique using a double-lumen tube with bronchial blocker for lung isolation in open thoracic or thoracic procedures.

14 Postoperative vision loss
2. Spine Surgery Prone position Alteration in pulmonary function Increases in venous pressure Pressure and stretch on nerves Visual loss Postoperative vision loss Combination of factors Perioperative anemia Hypotension Prolonged surgery Resistance to blood flow Direct pressure on the eye not seem to be the cause of the majority of cases of visual loss

15 Ischemic optic neuropathy
2. Spine Surgery Ischemic optic neuropathy Common diagnosis in postOP visual loss Decreases in ocular perfusion pressure(OPP) Decreased blood supply to the optic nerve Posterior ciliary arteries ; end arteries Placing the area at risk for ischemia as OPP is decreased OPP = MAP – IOP Decreases in MAP or increases in IOP decrease OPP Prone position, especially in a slight head-down tilt Edema and venous engorgement Increasing IOP Etiology of vision loss is unclear

16 IntraOP monitoring of spinal cord function
2. Spine Surgery Nonspecific NSAIDs Ketorolac ; interfere with bone fusion after spine surgery Avoid using ketorolac in this setting Specific cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors Recommendation for use ; necessitate further clarification IntraOP monitoring of spinal cord function Somatosensory evoked potentials Nitrous oxide-oxygen, opioid technique with an infusion of propofol and muscle relaxant Benzodiazepine ; avoided Motor evoked potentials Electromyograms Assess pedicle screw placement Muscle relaxants must be discontinued early enough Wake-up test Remember secure the endotracheal tube

17 Considerations before deciding to extubate the patient
2. Spine Surgery Considerations before deciding to extubate the patient Combined anterior-posterior spine procedures Can be prolonged Degree of swelling ; important Significant facial swelling indication to leave the endotracheal tube in place Additional improtant factors Hematocrit Body temperature Pulmonary function Reversal of neuromuscular blockade

18 3. Anticoagulation and Orthopedic Patients
Major concerns High incidence of deep vein thrombosis Associated risk of fatal pulmonary embolus Attempt to decrease the incidence Anesthesiologist; neuraxial anesthetic Surgeon; periOP thromboprophylaxis Warfarin or Dextran® LMWH and other antithrombotic agents e.g., Fondaparinux, an anti-Xa medication

19 Spinal hematoma 3. Anticoagulation and Orthopedic Patients
US FDA to issue a warning Anticoagulants or antiplatelet medication in addition to LMWH Epidural catheter removed at a time of therapeutic anticoagulation by the LMWH Occurred muck less freauently in Europe Dosing interval, Dosage, Level of attention More subtle onset of neurologic changes Not the excruciating back pain Other anticoagulants or antiplatelet medications Should be avoided when LMWH is used Appropriate timing Neuraxial anesthesia 10 to 12 hours after last dose of LMWH First dose of LMWH in the postOP period Clopidogrel Potent antiplatelet medication A week before performing spinal anesthesia

20 The End


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