1. Plant Propagation by Cuttings a. Kinds of cuttings 1) Stem cuttings 2) Leaf-bud cutting (single-eye) 3) Root cuttings 4) Leaf cuttings b. Totipotency-The ability of an individual cell to reconstitute the entire plant part and functions c. Dedifferentiation-The capability of previously developed, differentiated cell to return to a meristem

2. Plant Propagation by Cuttings 1. Stem cuttings 2. Leaf-bud cutting (single-eye) 3. Root cuttings 4. Leaf cuttings

3. 1. Stem Cuttings Softwood Cuttings Semi-Hardwood Cutting Hardwood Cuttings Herbaceous Cuttings

4. Softwood Cuttings

5. Shoftwood Cuttings - Hydrangea Butterfly cutting (top) Double-eye single node cutting (middle) Single-eye single node cuttings (bottom)

6. Softwood Cuttings-Peach - Actively growing shoots are used - Softwood cuttings are taken during spring and summer

7. Influence of IBA on Semi-Hardwood Cuttings - Cordia 1-Control, 2-50% ethanol, 3-100 ppm, 4-1000 ppm, 5-2000 ppm, 6-4000 ppm, 7-6000 ppm, 8-8000 ppm, 9-10000 ppm IBA

8. Semi-Hardwood Cuttings - Jojoba Treating cuttings in IBA Solution (top) Sticking IBA-treated cuttings in root substrate (bottom)

9. Bottom Heat System for Cutting Benches

10. Temperature Differential Helpful for Root Formation Ambient Temp 60 o F Root zone Temp 70 o F - Rooting requires carbohydrates (energy), auxin (growth hormone), and rooting cofactors (enzymes) - Temperature differential (10 o F) between the ambient air and root zone is helpful for faster rooting

11. Good sanitation is important Cutting on the left was infected with Alternaria and did not root Cutting on the right was healthy and rooted well

12. Cutting Propagation in Jojoba Regular Stem Cuttings –Use 4-5 nodes –Semi-hardwood cuttings Single Node Cuttings –Double-eye single node cuttings –Single-eye single node cuttings

13. Rooting of 3 Different Types of Cuttings in Jojoba Single Node Cuttings Double Eye (DE)Single Eye (SE) 5-node Regular Cuttings

14. Single Node Cuttings Double-Eye Single Node Cutting (DE) - Healthier than SE - Less disease attacks Single-Eye Single Node Cutting (SE) - Largest no. cuttings/plant - Slower development - Higher mortality

15. Clonal Selection of Jojoba from Native Stands Pima Canyon, Tucson, AZ

16. Clonal Selection from Cultivated Field

17. Rooting jojoba cuttings in bundles with a bottom heat system

18. Jojob Cutting Propagation House

19. High Pressure Fogging (1000 psi pressure)

20. Cuttings rooted under high-pressure fogging

21. Use of Plant Bands for Rooting

22. Hardening of rooted cuttings under a shade house

23. Clonally Propagated Jojoba Field Bakersfield, CA

24. An orchard of clonally propagated citrus plants, Bakersfield, CA

25. Commercial Cutting Operation

26. Bagged Cuttings are Stored in Cold

27. Trimming Cuttings

29. Growth Regulator (IBA) Treatment on Cuttages

30. Rooting Cuttings of Pacific Yew

31. Outdoor Rooting Facility-Monrovia Nursery

32. Herbaceous Cuttings-Chrysanthemum

33. Herbaceous Cuttings

34. Carnation Cutting Harvest

35. Steam Sterilizing Beds

36. pH Adjustment of Carnation Beds

37. Planting Rooted Cuttings

38. Typical Carnation Benches

39. Poinsettia Plant Grown in Mexico

40. Commercial Propagation of Poinsettia Paul Ecke, Sr. – Developer of modern day poinsettias

41. Herbaceous Cuttings-Poinsettia

42. Leaf Cuttings-African Violet, Piggyback Plant