1. Connectivity: fish migration & passage Native fish  most migratory species close to coast  most that penetrate far inland are good climbers (e.g. longfin eels, koaro)  fish pass requirements are low tech  dam height is an issue  downstream passage of eels – what out for turbines Salmon and trout  fish passes – not good track record in NZ  has potential but Fish & Game will need convincing overseas working examples  dam height is an issue

2. Flow augmentation: positives & negatives Positives  harvest of high flows  enhance minimum flow for instream values Negatives  fish passage & loss of headwater habitat  may reduce median flow – productive capacity  periphyton proliferation through flow stabilisation

3. Dams/reservoirs: negatives vs positives Negatives  barriers to migration - extirpation of stocks dependent on feeding habitat downstream (e.g. large trout) - loss of upstream habitat (e.g. koaro & threatened longin eels)  loss of river angling amenity  inundation of habitat of wetland native fish (e.g. mudfish)  inundation of natural barriers protecting non-migratory galaxiids from trout Positives  creation of reservoir recreational amenities - angling - boating amenities - swimming