1. The Civilization of the Greeks
Chapter 4
The Civilization of the Greeks

2. A bust of Pericles
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3. I. Early Greece A. Minoan Crete B. The First Greek State: Mycenae
C. The Greeks in a Dark Age (c. 1100–c. 750 B.C.E.)
1. Homer and Homeric Greece
2. Homer’s Enduring Importance

4. MAP 4. 1 Ancient Greece (c. 750–338 B. C. E. ). Between 750 and 500 B
MAP 4.1 Ancient Greece (c. 750–338 B.C.E.). Between 750 and 500 B.C.E., Greek civilization witnessed the emergence of the city-state as the central institution in Greek life and the Greeks’ colonization of the Mediterranean and Black Seas. Classical Greece lasted from about 500 to 338 B.C.E. and encompassed the high points of Greek civilization in arts, science, philosophy, and politics, as well as the Persian Wars and the Peloponnesian War.
Figure 4-1 p94

5. Minoan Crete and Mycenaean Greece
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6. A Mycenaean Death Mask. This death mask of thin gold was one of several found by Heinrich Schliemann in his excavation of Grave Circle A at Mycenae. These masks are similar to the gold mummy masks used in Egyptian royal tombs. Schliemann
claimed—incorrectly—that he had found the mask of Agamemnon, king of Mycenae in Homer’s Iliad.
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7. The Slaying of Hector. This scene from a late-fifth-century B. C. E
The Slaying of Hector. This scene from a late-fifth-century B.C.E. Athenian vase depicts the final battle between Achilles and the Trojan hero Hector. Achilles is shown lunging forward with his spear to deliver the fatal blow to the Trojan prince, a scene taken from Homer’s Iliad. The Iliad is Homer’s masterpiece and was important to later Greeks as a means of teaching the aristocratic values of courage and honor.
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8. II. The Greek City‑States (c. 750–c. 500 B.C.E.)
A. The Polis
1. A New Military System: The Greek Way of War
B. Colonization and the Growth of Trade
C. Tyranny in the Greek Polis
D. Sparta
1. The New Sparta
2. The Spartan State

9. II. The Greek City‑States (c. 750–c. 500 B.C.E.)
E. Athens
1. The Reforms of Solon
2. The Reforms of Cleisthenes
F. Foreign Influence on Early Greek Culture

10. The Hoplite Forces. The Greek hoplites were infantrymen equipped with large round shields and long thrusting spears. In battle, they advanced in tight phalanx formation and were dangerous opponents as long as this formation remained unbroken. This vase painting from the seventh century B.C.E. shows two groups of hoplite warriors engaged in battle. The piper on the left is leading another line of soldiers preparing to enter the fray.
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11. Kouros. On the left is a statue of a young male nude from around 600 B
Kouros. On the left is a statue of a young male nude from around 600 B.C.E, making it an early example of Greek kouros sculpture. Such statues, which were placed in temples along with companion figures of clothed young women, known as korai, were meant to be representations of the faithful dedicated to the gods. At the right is an early-seventh-century B.C.E. statue of an Egyptian nobleman. Clearly, Egyptian sculpture had a strong influence on Greek art. Unlike the Egyptians, however, Greek sculptors
preferred depicting male figures in the nude.
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12. Kouros. On the left is a statue of a young male nude from around 600 B
Kouros. On the left is a statue of a young male nude from around 600 B.C.E, making it an early example of Greek kouros sculpture. Such statues, which were placed in temples along with companion figures of clothed young women, known as korai, were meant to be representations of the faithful dedicated to the gods. At the right is an early-seventh-century B.C.E. statue of an Egyptian nobleman. Clearly, Egyptian sculpture had a strong influence on Greek art. Unlike the Egyptians, however, Greek sculptors
preferred depicting male figures in the nude.
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13. III. The High Point of Greek Civilization: Classical Greece
A. The Challenge of Persia
B. The Growth of an Athenian Empire in the Age of Pericles
C. The Great Peloponnesian War and the Decline of the Greek States

14. III. The High Point of Greek Civilization: Classical Greece
D. The Culture of Classical Greece
1. The Writing of History
2. Greek Drama
3. The Arts: The Classical Ideal
4. The Greek Love of Wisdom
E. Greek Religion
F. Life in Classical Athens
1. Economy and Lifestyle
2. Family and Relationships

15. The Greek Trireme. The trireme became the standard warship of ancient Greece. Highly maneuverable, fast, and outfitted with metal prows, Greek triremes were especially effective at ramming enemy ships. The bas-relief at the bottom shows a fifth-century
B.C.E. Athenian trireme. The photo shows the Olympias, a trireme reconstructed by the Greek navy.
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16. The Greek Trireme. The trireme became the standard warship of ancient Greece. Highly maneuverable, fast, and outfitted with metal prows, Greek triremes were especially effective at ramming enemy ships. The bas-relief at the bottom shows a fifth-century
B.C.E. Athenian trireme. The photo shows the Olympias, a trireme reconstructed by the Greek navy.
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18. The Parthenon. The arts in Classical Greece were designed to express the eternal ideals of reason, moderation, symmetry, balance, and harmony. In architecture, the most important form was the temple, and the classic example of this kind of architecture is the Parthenon, built between 447 and 432 B.C.E. Located on the Acropolis in Athens, the Parthenon was dedicated to Athena, the patron goddess of the city, but it also served as a shining example of the power and wealth of the Athenian empire.
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19. Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian Orders
Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian Orders. The Greeks used columns of different shapes and sizes in their temples. The Doric order, which consisted of thick, fluted columns with simple capitals (the decorated tops of the columns), developed first in the Dorian Peloponnesus. The Greeks considered the Doric order grave, dignified, and masculine. The Ionic style was first developed in western Asia Minor and consisted of slender columns with spiral-shaped capitals. The Greeks characterized the Ionic order as
slender, elegant, and feminine. Corinthian columns, with their more detailed capitals modeled after acanthus leaves, came later, near the end of the fifth century B.C.E.
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20. Doryphoros. This statue, known as the Doryphoros, or spear carrier, is by the fifth-century B.C.E. sculptor Polyclitus, who believed it illustrated the ideal proportions of the human figure. Classical Greek sculpture moved away from the stiffness of
earlier figures but retained the young male nude as the favorite subject. The statues became more lifelike, with relaxed poses and flexible, smooth-muscled bodies. The aim of sculpture, however, was not simply realism but rather the expression of ideal
beauty.
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21. Philosophers in the Axial Age
Philosophers in the Axial Age. This mosaic from Pompeii recreates a gathering of Greek philosophers at the school of Plato.
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22. Women in the Loom Room. In Athens, women were citizens and could participate in religious cults and festivals, but they had no rights and were barred from political activity. Women were thought to belong in the house, caring for the children and the needs of the household. A principal activity of Greek women was the making of clothes. This vase shows two women working on a warp-weighted loom.
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23. IV. The Rise of Macedonia and the Conquests of Alexander
A. Alexander the Great
1. Alexander’s Conquests
2. The Legacy: Was Alexander Great?

24. Alexander the Great. This marble head of Alexander the Great was made in the second or first century B.C.E. The long hair and tilt of his head reflect the description of Alexander in the literary sources of the time. Alexander claimed to be descended from Heracles, a Greek hero worshiped as a god, and when he proclaimed himself pharaoh of Egypt, he gained recognition as a living deity. It is reported that one statue, now lost, showed Alexander gazing at Zeus. At the base of the statue were the words
‘‘I place the earth under my sway; you, O Zeus, keep Olympus.’’
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26. MAP 4. 2 The Conquests of Alexander the Great
MAP 4.2 The Conquests of Alexander the Great. In just twelve years, Alexander the Great conquered vast territories. Dominating lands from west of the Nile to east of the Indus, he brought the Persian Empire, Egypt, and much of the Middle East under his
control.
Figure 4-2 p114

27. V. The World of the Hellenistic Kingdoms
A. Hellenistic Monarchies
1. The Seleucid Kingdom and India
B. Political Institutions
C. Hellenistic Cities
D. The Importance of Trade

28. V. The World of the Hellenistic Kingdoms
E. Social Life: New Opportunities for Women
F. Culture in the Hellenistic World
1. New Directions in Literature and Art
2. A Golden Age of Science
3. Philosophy: New Schools of Thought
4. Religion in the Hellenistic World

29. Alexander (Colin Farrell) reviews his troops before the Battle of Gaugamela.

30. MAP 4. 3 The World of the Hellenistic Kingdoms
MAP 4.3 The World of the Hellenistic Kingdoms. Alexander died unexpectedly at the age of thirty-two and did not designate a successor. After his death, his generals struggled for power, eventually establishing four monarchies that spread Hellenistic
culture and fostered trade and economic development.
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31. Old Market Woman. Unlike the sculptors of the Classical Greek era, Hellenistic sculptors were no longer interested in capturing ideal beauty but moved toward a more emotional and realistic art. This statue of an old market woman is typical of this trend. She is seen carrying chickens and a basket of fruit. Haggard and mired in poverty, she struggles just to go on living.
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32. COMPARATIVE ILLUSTRATION Hellenistic Sculpture and a Greek-Style Buddha. Greek architects and sculptors were highly valued throughout the Hellenistic world. Shown on the left is a terra-cotta statuette of a draped young woman, made as a tomb offering nearThebes, probably around 300 B.C.E. The incursion of Alexander into western India resulted in some Greek cultural influences there, especially during the Hellenistic era. During the first century B.C.E., Indian sculptors in Gandhara, which today is part
of Pakistan, began to make statues of the Buddha in a style that combined Indian and Hellenistic artistic traditions, as in the stone sculpture of the Buddha on the right. Note the wavy hair topped by a bun tied with a ribbon, also a feature of earlier
statues of Greek deities. This Buddha is also seen wearing a Greek-style toga.
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33. COMPARATIVE ILLUSTRATION Hellenistic Sculpture and a Greek-Style Buddha. Greek architects and sculptors were highly valued throughout the Hellenistic world. Shown on the left is a terra-cotta statuette of a draped young woman, made as a tomb offering nearThebes, probably around 300 B.C.E. The incursion of Alexander into western India resulted in some Greek cultural influences there, especially during the Hellenistic era. During the first century B.C.E., Indian sculptors in Gandhara, which today is part
of Pakistan, began to make statues of the Buddha in a style that combined Indian and Hellenistic artistic traditions, as in the stone sculpture of the Buddha on the right. Note the wavy hair topped by a bun tied with a ribbon, also a feature of earlier
statues of Greek deities. This Buddha is also seen wearing a Greek-style toga.
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