1. Chapter 5
The First World Civilizations: Rome, China, and the Emergence of the Silk Road

2. Horatius defending the bridge, as envisioned by Charles Le Brun, a seventeenth-century French painter
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3. I. Early Rome and the Republic
A. Early Rome
B. The Roman Republic,
1. The Roman Conquest of Italy
2. The Roman State
C. The Roman Conquest of the Mediterranean (264–133 B.C.E.)
1. The Roman Army

4. I. Early Rome and the Republic
D. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Republic (133–31 B.C.E.)
1. Growing Unrest and a New Role for the Roman Army
2. The Collapse of the Republic

5. MAP 5. 1 Ancient Italy. Ancient Italy was home to several groups
MAP 5.1 Ancient Italy. Ancient Italy was home to several groups. Both the Etruscans in the north and the Greeks in the south had a major influence on the development of Rome.
Figure 5-1 p125

6. COMPARATIVE ILLUSTRATION Roman and Chinese Roads
COMPARATIVE ILLUSTRATION Roman and Chinese Roads. The Romans constructed a remarkable system of roads. After laying a foundation of gravel, which allowed for drainage, the Roman builders topped it with flagstones, closely fitted together. Unlike other
peoples who built similar kinds of roads, the Romans did not follow the contours of the land but made their roads as straight as possible to facilitate communications and transportation, especially for military purposes. Seen here is a view
of the Via Appia (Appian Way), built in 312 B.C.E. to make it easy for Roman armies to march from Rome to the newly conquered city of Capua, a distance of 152 miles (shown on the map). By the beginning of the fourth century C.E., the Roman Empire
contained 372 major roads covering 50,000 miles. Like the Roman Empire, the Han Empire relied on roads constructed with stone slabs for the movement of military forces. The First Emperor of Qin was responsible for the construction of 4,350 miles of roads,and by the end of the second century C.E., China had almost 22,000 miles of roads. Although roads in both the Roman and Chinese Empires were originally constructed for military purposes, they came to be used for communications and commercial traffic as
well.
p127

7. COMPARATIVE ILLUSTRATION Roman and Chinese Roads
COMPARATIVE ILLUSTRATION Roman and Chinese Roads. The Romans constructed a remarkable system of roads. After laying a foundation of gravel, which allowed for drainage, the Roman builders topped it with flagstones, closely fitted together. Unlike other
peoples who built similar kinds of roads, the Romans did not follow the contours of the land but made their roads as straight as possible to facilitate communications and transportation, especially for military purposes. Seen here is a view
of the Via Appia (Appian Way), built in 312 B.C.E. to make it easy for Roman armies to march from Rome to the newly conquered city of Capua, a distance of 152 miles (shown on the map). By the beginning of the fourth century C.E., the Roman Empire
contained 372 major roads covering 50,000 miles. Like the Roman Empire, the Han Empire relied on roads constructed with stone slabs for the movement of military forces. The First Emperor of Qin was responsible for the construction of 4,350 miles of roads,and by the end of the second century C.E., China had almost 22,000 miles of roads. Although roads in both the Roman and Chinese Empires were originally constructed for military purposes, they came to be used for communications and commercial traffic as
well.
p127

8. COMPARATIVE ILLUSTRATION Roman and Chinese Roads
COMPARATIVE ILLUSTRATION Roman and Chinese Roads. The Romans constructed a remarkable system of roads. After laying a foundation of gravel, which allowed for drainage, the Roman builders topped it with flagstones, closely fitted together. Unlike other
peoples who built similar kinds of roads, the Romans did not follow the contours of the land but made their roads as straight as possible to facilitate communications and transportation, especially for military purposes. Seen here is a view
of the Via Appia (Appian Way), built in 312 B.C.E. to make it easy for Roman armies to march from Rome to the newly conquered city of Capua, a distance of 152 miles (shown on the map). By the beginning of the fourth century C.E., the Roman Empire
contained 372 major roads covering 50,000 miles. Like the Roman Empire, the Han Empire relied on roads constructed with stone slabs for the movement of military forces. The First Emperor of Qin was responsible for the construction of 4,350 miles of roads,and by the end of the second century C.E., China had almost 22,000 miles of roads. Although roads in both the Roman and Chinese Empires were originally constructed for military purposes, they came to be used for communications and commercial traffic as
well.
p127

9. MAP 5. 2 Roman Conquests in the Mediterranean, 264–133 B. C. E
MAP 5.2 Roman Conquests in the Mediterranean, 264–133 B.C.E. Beginning with the Punic Wars, Rome expanded its holdings, first in the western Mediterranean at the expense of Carthage and later in Greece and western Asia Minor.
Figure 5-2 p129

10. Roman Legionaries. The Roman legionaries, famed for their courage and tenacity, made possible Roman domination of the Mediterranean Sea. At the time of the Punic Wars, a Roman legionary wore chain-mail armor and a plumed helmet and carried an oval shield, as in the bronze statue from the second or first century B.C.E. shown at the left. Heavy javelins and swords were their major weapons. This equipment remained standard until the time of Julius Caesar. The illustration on the right shows a Roman legion on the march from Trajan’s column, erected in the second century C.E.
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11. Roman Legionaries. The Roman legionaries, famed for their courage and tenacity, made possible Roman domination of the Mediterranean Sea. At the time of the Punic Wars, a Roman legionary wore chain-mail armor and a plumed helmet and carried an oval shield, as in the bronze statue from the second or first century B.C.E. shown at the left. Heavy javelins and swords were their major weapons. This equipment remained standard until the time of Julius Caesar. The illustration on the right shows a Roman legion on the march from Trajan’s column, erected in the second century C.E.
p131

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13. II. The Roman Empire at Its Height
A. The Age of Augustus (31 B.C.E.–14 C.E.)
B. The Early Empire (14‑180)
1. The Five Good Emperors (96‑180)
2. Frontiers and the Provinces
3. Prosperity in the Early Empire

14. II. The Roman Empire at Its Height
C. Culture and Society in the Roman World
1. Roman Literature
2. Roman Art
3. Roman Law
4. The Roman Family
5. Slaves and Their Masters
6. Imperial Rome
7. Disaster in Southern Italy

15. Augustus. Octavian, Caesar’s adopted son, emerged victorious from the civil conflict that rocked the Republic after Caesar’s assassination. The senate awarded him the title Augustus. This marble statue from Prima Porta, an idealized portrait, is based on Greek rather than Roman models. The statue was meant to be a propaganda piece, depicting a youthful general addressing his troops. At the bottom stands Cupid, the son of Venus, goddess of love, meant to be a reminder that the Julians, Caesar’s family, claimed descent from Venus, thus emphasizing the ruler’s divine background.
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16. MAP 5. 3 The Roman Empire from Augustus Through Trajan (14–117)
MAP 5.3 The Roman Empire from Augustus Through Trajan (14–117). Augustus and later emperors continued the expansion of the Roman
Empire, adding more resources but also increasing the tasks of administration and keeping the peace. Compare this map with Map 5.2.
Figure 5-3 p134

17. Trade in the Roman Empire
Trade in the Roman Empire. Trade was an important ingredient in the prosperity of the Early Roman Empire. Although Roman roads were excellent, most goods traveled by boat throughout the Mediterranean and beyond. This third-century C.E. Roman mosaic from
Sousse, Tunisia, shows workers unloading a cargo of iron ore from a ship.
p134

18. The Pantheon. Shown here is the Pantheon, one of Rome’s greatest buildings. Constructed of brick, six kinds of concrete, and marble, it is a stunning example of the Romans’ engineering skills. The outside porch of the Pantheon contains eighteen Corinthiancolumns made of granite, but it is the inside of the temple that amazes onlookers. The interior is a large circular space topped by a huge dome. A hole in the center of the roof is the only source of light. The dome, built up layer by layer, was made of
concrete, weighing 10 million pounds. The walls holding the dome are almost 20 feet thick.
p136

19. The Pantheon. Shown here is the Pantheon, one of Rome’s greatest buildings. Constructed of brick, six kinds of concrete, and marble, it is a stunning example of the Romans’ engineering skills. The outside porch of the Pantheon contains eighteen Corinthiancolumns made of granite, but it is the inside of the temple that amazes onlookers. The interior is a large circular space topped by a huge dome. A hole in the center of the roof is the only source of light. The dome, built up layer by layer, was made of
concrete, weighing 10 million pounds. The walls holding the dome are almost 20 feet thick.
p136

20. Roman Women. Roman women, especially those of the upper class, had more freedom than women in Classical Athens despite the persistent male belief that women required guardianship. This mural decoration, found in the remains of a villa destroyed by the
eruption of Mount Vesuvius, shows a group of Pompeian ladies with their slave hairdresser.
p137

21. III. Crisis and the Late Empire
A. Crisis in the Third Century
B. The Late Roman Empire
1. The Reforms of Diocletian and Constantine
2. The End of the Western Empire
3. What Caused the Fall of the Western Roman Empire?

22. III. Crisis and the Late Empire
C. Transformation of the Roman World: The Development of Christianity
1. The Origins of Christianity
2. The Spread of Christianity
3. The Triumph of Christianity

23. Maximus (Russell Crowe) triumphs in the Roman Colosseum.

24. Location of Constantinople, the ‘‘New Rome’’

25. Vishnu. Brahman the Creator, Shiva the Destroyer, and Vishnu the Preserver are the three chief Hindu gods of India. Vishnu is known as the Preserver because he mediates between Brahman and Shiva and thus maintains the stability of the universe.
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26. Jesus and His Apostles. Pictured is a fourth-century C. E
Jesus and His Apostles. Pictured is a fourth-century C.E. fresco from a Roman catacomb depicting Jesus and his apostles. Catacombs were underground cemeteries where early Christians buried their dead. Christian tradition holds that in times of imperial
repression, Christians withdrew to the catacombs to pray and hide.
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27. V. The Glorious Han Empire (202 B.C.E-221 C.E.)
A. Confucianism and the State
B. The Economy
1. Manufacturing and Trade
C. Imperial Expansion and the Origins of the Silk Road

28. V. The Glorious Han Empire (202 B.C.E-221 C.E.)
D. Social Changes
E. Religion and Culture
F. The Decline and Fall of the Han
G. A Comparison of Rome and China

29. MAP 5. 4 Trade Routes of the Ancient World
MAP 5.4 Trade Routes of the Ancient World. This map shows the various land and maritime routes that extended from China toward other civilizations that were located to the south and west of the Han Empire. The various goods that were exchanged are
identified at the bottom of the map.
Figure 5-4 p149

30. Making Paper. One of China’s most important contributions to the world was the invention of paper during the Han dynasty. Although the first known use of paper for writing dates back to the first century B.C.E., paper was also used for clothing, wrapping materials, military armor, and toilet tissue. It was even suggested to a prince in 93 B.C.E. that he use a paper handkerchief. Paper was made by pounding fibers of hemp and linen. Then the crushed fibers were placed on a flat meshed surface and soaked in a large vat. After the residue dried, it was peeled away as a sheet of paper, seen piled at the right in this eighteenth-century painting.
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31. MAP 5.5 The Han Empire. This map shows the territory under the control of the Han Empire at its greatest extent during the first century B.C.E. Note the Great Wall’s placement relative to nomadic peoples.
Figure 5-5 p150

32. Han Dynasty Horse. This terra-cotta horse head is a striking example of Han artistry. Although the Chinese had domesticated the smaller Mongolian pony as early as 2000 B.C.E., it was not until toward the end of the first millennium B.C.E. that the Chinese acquired horses as a result of military expeditions into Central Asia. Admired for their power and grace, horses made of terra-cotta or bronze were often placed in Qin and Han tombs. This magnificent head suggests the divine power that the Chinese of
this time attributed to horses.
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