1. Central & Peripheral Nervous System

2. DIVISION OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM :
Brain
Spinal cord

3. Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Brain Stem, and Spinal Cord

4. Division of the Peripheral Nervous system
Afferent: stimuli both internal and external
Internal:
Stretch Receptors
External:
Integumentary receptors
Messiner corpusle: touch
Pacinian corpusle: pressure
Nociceptor: pain
Thermoreceptor: heat
Sensory Nerves: Afferent
Motor Nerves: Efferent
Efferent: Response to effectors
Two functional divisions
Somatic:
Skeletal muscle
Autonomic:
Cardiac & Smooth muscles
Glands

5. Integumentary Sensory: Afferent

6. Autonomic Nervous System Efferent Cardiac Muscle, Smooth Muscle, and Glands
Sympathetic
Homeostasis: Calming
Self-Maintenance Activities
Balance the Sympathetic response
Decrease HR, RR, BP
Increase blood flow
Digestive system
Adrenals stop releasing Adrenaline
Release of glycogen
Stimulates liver to store BS
Parasympathetic :
Fight or Flight
Increase
HR, RR, BP, BS
Decrease blood flow
digestive
Adrenaline (Stress Hormone)
released for the Adrenal glands
Pupils Dilate
Increase Blood Flow to Muscles
Senses Heighten
Release of glucagon
stimulates liver to release glucose increase BS

7. Autonomic Nervous system
Fight or Flight: Sympathetic
Homeostasis: Parasympathetic

8. Structures CNS Cerebrum Cerebellum Meningies Ventricles
Medulla Oblongata
Corpus Callosum
Pons
Midbrain
Spinal cord

9. Cerebrum Largest part of the brain Divided into hemispheres
Each hemisphere has four lobes (F,T,P,O)
Connected by the CORPUS CALLOSUM

10. Corpus Callosum Thick band of nerve fibres
connect the brain cells in one hemisphere to those in the other hemisphere
allows for constant communication
Aids motor coordination of left and right side
Example : You read a geometry problem in a textbook. The words are seen and the visual forms translated into meaning by the language center in the left hemisphere. To solve the problem you have to imagine a cone shaped object. This is accomplished by centers in the right hemisphere. The solution is written down using language generated by the left hemisphere.
What would happen in cases like this if the callosum was damaged ?

11. Left and Right Side of the Brain
Left : Logical
words
logic
numbers
analysis
lists
linearity and sequence
Right: Creative
creative brain
rhythm
spatial awareness
colour
imagination
daydreaming
holistic awareness and dimension

12. Left: Logical Right: Creative

13. Lobes for the Brain

14. Frontal Lobes: anterior aspect of cerebrum
planning
organizing
problem solving
personality
reasoning
Intuition or perception
behavior and emotions

15. Occipital Lobes: located posterior cerebrum and superior to cerebellum
visual processing
color recognition
vision recognition
Occipital Lobe

16. Parietal Lobes: located superior to temporal lobes of the cerebrum
cognition (acquiring knowledge by the use of reasoning, intuition, or perception)
information processing
pain and touch sensation
spatial orientation
speech and visual perception.
Parietal Lobe

17. Temporal Lobe: Medial to ears, superior to Occipital lobes
emotional responses
hearing
speech.
differentiate smells and sounds
Memory (Hippocampus & Amygdala)
information sorting short and long term memory.
right lobe visual memory
left verbal memory
Temporal lobe
Hippocampus

18. Sensory Cortex: Sensory Imput Motor Cortex: Motor Response

19. Meninges: membranes that protect Brain & Spinal Cord
3 Layers
Dura Mater-toughest and outermost layer
Arachnoid Mater (resembles a spider web) middle layer
Pia Mater-inner layer and most delicate sits directly on top of the brain and spinal cord
Space between Arachnoid
and Pia Mater has
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

20. Layers of the Meninges
What is inflammation of the Meningies called? Why is it serious? What covers the Brain and the Spinal Cord? What will this swelling cause? In the Brain? In the Spinal Cord?

21. Ventricles: Cavities with CSF
Cavities within the center of the brain filled with CSF
This fluid is found in the space around the Meningies and the central canal of the spinal cord
Fluid protects and cushions the CNS

22. CEREBROSPINAL FLUID FLOW
Cerebrum
Corpus Callosum
Ventricles
Hypothalamus: Homeostasis
Thalamus
Pituitary Gland:
Master Gland
Cerebellum
Spinal Cord: sensory impulses up
Motor impulses down

23. Cerebellum Inferior to the Occipital lobes
Posterior to the Pons and Medulla Oblongata
Co-ordinates complex skeletal muscle contractions and relaxation necessary for body movement and balance
Connects the brain to the brain stem
Cerebellum
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland

24. Medulla Oblongata Inferior part of brain stem
Contains the vital reflexes
Cardiovascular center: force and rate of the heart rate and changes in smooth muscle of the arteries to regulate Blood Pressure
Respiratory centers: controls diaphragm
Vomiting, hiccupping, swallowing, coughing, sneezing
Medulla Oblongata

25. Pons Bulging brain stem region
Bridge between the cerebellum and the cerebrum
Works with the medulla oblongata to control breathing (respiration)
Pons

26. Midbrain
Form important connections between the cerebral cortex and the brainstem and spinal cord to control sensory processes such as vision and movement.
Midbrain

27. Nerves: bundles of Neurons
Electrical impulses (messages) travel back & forth between from the PNS to the CNS and then back to the PNS through bundles of neurons which are called nerves

28. Neurons: Five main parts
1 Dendrites:
Extends out from the cell body picks up message from synaptic terminal of adjoining neuron
2 Cell Body:
Directs all activity of the neuron

29. Neurons: parts 3 & 4 3 Axon: 4 Synaptic terminals or axon terminals:
long single fiber that transmits electrical impulse from cell body to the synaptic terminals
4 Synaptic terminals or axon terminals:
Release neurotransmitters that allows electrical message to travel to the next neuron’s Dendrites or gland or muscle cells

30. Neurons: part five 5 myelin sheath covers most neurons
insulates the axon and helps nerve signals travel faster and farther.

31. Movement of
neurotransmitters from synaptic terminal of one neuron:
to the dendrites of another neuron
Muscle cell : cardiac, skeletal, smooth
gland
For a synapse to occur you need to have a
Pre-synaptic cell
Post-synaptic cell
Synapse

32. Neurotransmitters Acetylcholine –
stimulates muscle contraction
Monoamines - Norepinephrine & Dopamine
sense of feeling good,
low levels = depression
Serotonin
Sleepiness
Depression
Endorphins
reduce pain by inhibit receptors

33. Interneurons Neurons in the CNS Brain Spinal cord
White matter: Cell Body
Neurons in the CNS
Brain
Spinal cord
Gray Matter: Axons

35. Cross Section of the Spinal Cord
Spinal nerve
Central canal
Gray matter
White matter
Meninges
Spinal nerve
Meningies

36. Reflex Arc: simples nerve circut
Sensory: afferent stimuli
DORAL ROOT
Motor: efferent response VENRAL ROOT

37. Reflex Arc occurs in the Spinal cord or brain stem
Reflex Arc requires:
Sensory neuron to provide afferent input (stimuli) (Dorsal root)
Interneuron to process (Gray matter)
Motor neuron to send efferent output (response) (Ventral Root)

38. Reflex Arc in Knee

39. Reflex Arc

40. Spinal Cord
Nerve messages are sent through the spinal cord to the brain to be processed
Link between brain and rest of body (PNS)
31 pairs of spinal nerves
Reflexes processed directly by spinal cord
Reflex – quick, automatic, involuntary responses
Result of reflex arcs – shortest nerve pathways