1. Introduction to Object Orientation System Analysis and Design

2. Objectives
Understand the basic characteristics of object-oriented systems.
Understand the object orientation notation
Understand how to analyze and design with OO paradigm

3. What’s Object Orientation?
A new technology based on objects and classes
A paradigm (way of thingking) to organize software as a collection of discrete objects that incorporate both data and process.
An abstraction of the real world based on objects and their interactions with other objects.

4. Basic Characteristic (1) Classes and Objects
OO focus on capturing structure and behaviour in little modules that encompass both data and process. These modules are known as OBJECTs.
Class is a general template we use to define and create specific instances or objects.
An object is an instantiation of a class.
Each object has attributes (describe the object) and behaviors (what an object can do).

5. <<instanceOf>>
Class Car
Attributes
Model
Location
#Wheels = 4
Operations
Start
Accelerate
<<instanceOf>>

6. Basic Characteristic (2)
(2) Methods and Messages
Methods implement an object’s behaviour
In other languages, method is known as procedure or function.
A message is a function or procedure call from one object to another object.

7. Basic Characteristic (3)

8. Basic Characteristic (4)
(3) Encapsulation and Information Hiding
Encapsulation : how to wrap process and data into a single entity.
Only the information required to use a software module is published to the user. Exactly how the module implements the required information is unnecessary.

9. Basic Characteristic (5)
(4) Inheritance
Is a mechanism to create a class from other class.
Related terms : superclass and subclass
Subclass inherit the appropriate attributes and methods from its superclass.
Avoid repeating of writing attributes or methods.
The relationship between the class and its superclass is known as the A-Kind-Of relationship.

10. Basic Characteristic (6)

11. (5) Polymorphism and Dynamic Binding
Polymorphism : the same message can be interpreted differently by different classes of objects.
For example : sent message “draw” to an circle object, a square object, and a triangle object will make a different result.
Dynamic Binding : determining the exact implementation of a request based on both the request (operation) name and the receiving object at run-time

13. Various Methodologies
Shlaer/Mellor methods (Shlaer-1988)
Coad/Yourdon methods (Coad-1991)
Booch methods (Booch-1991)
OMT methods (Rumbaugh-1991)
Wirfs-Brock methods (Wirfs-Brock-1990)
OOSE Objectory methods (Jacobson-1992)
Unified Modelling Languages (UML-1997)

15. Object Oriented Notation Guide

16. Class and Object Object instance Class Instantiation relationship
Class Name
Attributes
Methods
Class name
Attributes
Methods
Class Name
Class Name

17. Generalization and Inheritance

18. Aggregation
Aggregation 1
Aggregation 2

19. Association
Association
Multiplicity of association

20. Ternary Association

21. Object oriented analysis and design

22. Analysis and Design Process
Problem statement
System architecture
Object modelling
Identifying object classes
Preparing a data dictionary for classes
Identifying association
Identifying attributes
Refining with inheritance
Grouping classes into model
Dynamic modelling
Functional modelling

23. Problem statements

24. Problem Statement Requirements statement Problem scope What’s needed
Application context
Assumptions
Performance needs

25. Example : ATM Network

26. System Architecture

27. Identifying Object Classes

28. Example : ATM Network

29. Preparing a Data Dictionary

30. Example
Account : a single account in a bank against which transactions can be applied. Account may be of various types, at least checking or savings. A customer can hold more than one account.
Bank : A financial institution that holds accounts for customers and that issues cash cards authorizing access to accounts over the ATM network.
ATM : …
Bank Computer : ….
Customer : …
etc

31. Identifying Associations

32. Example

33. Identifying Attributes

34. Example

35. Refining with Inheritance
This step is to organize classes by using inheritance to share common structure
Inheritance can be added in two directions :
Bottom Up ： By generalizing common aspect of existing classes into a superclasses
By searching for classes with similar attributes, associations, or operations
For each generalization, define a superclass to share common features
Top Down ： By refining existing classes into specialized subclasses

36. Example

37. Grouping Class into Modules
A module is a set of classes that captures some logical subset of entire model
For example: a model of computer operating system might contain modules for process control, device control, file maintenance, and memory management

38. Example Tellers : Cashier, Entry Station, Cashier Station, ATM
Account: Account, Cash Card, Card Authorization, Customer, Transaction, Update, Cashier Transaction, Remote Transaction
Banks: Consortium, Bank

39. Dynamic model

40. Dynamic Model
The dynamic model shows the time-dependent behavior of the system and the objects in it.
Begin dynamic analysis by looking for event, externally visible stimuli and responses.
The dynamic model is important for interactive systems, but insignificant for purely static data repository, such as database.

41. The following steps are performed in constructing a dynamic model :
Prepare scenarios of typical interaction sequences
Identify events between objects
Prepare an event trace for each scenario
Build a state diagram
Match events between objects to verify consistency

42. Example

43. Functional model

44. Functional Model
The functional model shows how values are computed, without regard for sequencing, decisions, or object structure
The functional model shows which values depend on which other values and the functions that relate them
Data flow diagrams are useful for showing functional dependencies

45. Example

46. Object Orientation Implementation

47. Implementation Process
Class Definition
Creating Objects
Calling Operations
Using Inheritance
Implementing Association