2. Basic Principles of Electricity

3. Electromagnetic Spectrum b Electrical Stimulating Currents Commercial Radio and Television Shortwave Diathermy Microwave Diathermy Infrared LASER Visible Light Ultraviolet Ionizing Radiation { Longest LongestWavelength Shortest ShortestWavelength Lowest LowestFrequency Highest HighestFrequency

4. Electrons b Particles Of Matter Possessing A Negative Charge And A Small Mass b Net Movement Of Electrons Is An Electrical Current b Movement Of Electrons Is Like A Domino Reaction b Electrons Will Move From Higher To Lower Potential

5. Ampere b Unit Of Measure Which Indicates Rate At Which Electrons Flow 1 amp = movement of 1 coulomb or 6.25x10 18 electrons /sec1 amp = movement of 1 coulomb or 6.25x10 18 electrons /sec b Current Flow Is In Milliamps (1/1000) Or Microamps (1/1,000,000)

6. Electrical Potential Difference b Difference In Concentration of Electrons Between Two Points b Electrons Will Not Move Unless A Potential Difference Exists

7. Volt b Creates The Potential Difference b The Electromotive Force Which Must Be Applied To Create Flow Of Electrons b Commercial Current Is 120 V or 220 V

8. Conductors b Materials That Permit Free Movement of Electrons b Composed Of Large Numbers of Free Electrons b Offer Little Resistance To Current Flow b Good Conductors Metals (copper, gold, silver, aluminum)Metals (copper, gold, silver, aluminum) Electrolyte SolutionsElectrolyte Solutions

9. Insulators b Materials That Resist The Flow Of Electrons b Contain Few Free Electrons b Insulator Materials Air, Wood, GlassAir, Wood, Glass

10. Resistance = Electrical Impedance b Opposition To Flow Of Electrical Current b Measured In Ohms b Ohms Law Current Flow= Voltage Resistance

11. Watt b Measure of Electrical Power b Watts = Volts X Amps b Modalities Use Milliamps or Microamps

12. Electrotherapeutic Currents b Direct (DC) or Monophasic Flow of Electrons Always In Same Direction Sometimes Called Galvanic

13. Electrotherapeutic Current b Alternating (AC) or Biphasic Flow of Electrons Changes Direction –Always Flows From Negative to Positive Pole Until Polarity Is Reversed

14. Electrotherapeutic Currents b Pulsed or Polyphasic Pulses Grouped Together and Interrupted –Russian and Interferential Currents

15. Electrical Generators b All Are Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulators Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulators (TENS)Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulators (TENS) Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulator (NMES) = Electrical Muscle Stimulator (EMS)Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulator (NMES) = Electrical Muscle Stimulator (EMS) Microcurrent Electrical Nerve Stimulators (MENS) = Low Intensity Stimulators (LIS)Microcurrent Electrical Nerve Stimulators (MENS) = Low Intensity Stimulators (LIS)

16. Electrotherapeutic Currents b No Relationship Between Type Of Current Used To Power Generator and Type Of Current Output To Patient b Generators May Be Powered By AC or DC Batteries = DC between 1.5 and 9 VBatteries = DC between 1.5 and 9 V Wall Outlet = AC at 120 or 220V at 60 HzWall Outlet = AC at 120 or 220V at 60 Hz

17. Waveform or Pulse b Pulse= Individual Waveform b Phases (Duration) b Interpulse Interval b Direction (Polarity) b Amplitude b Rate Of Rise b Rate of Decay Accommodation

18. Symmetrical Waveforms b Sine b Square b Triangular

19. Symmetrical Waveforms b Twin Peaked Triangular Waveform Found on Most High Volt Generators

20. Asymmetric Waveforms b Faradic b Exponential Sawtooth

21. Current Modulation b Continuous b Interrupted b Burst Packets Pulse Trains Beats b Ramped (Surge)

22. Pulse Amplitude b Same As Intensity or Voltage b Measured In Milliamps or Microvolts b Average Current Determined By Interpulse Interval Or Current Duration

23. Pulse Duration b Length Of Time Current Is Flowing b With Monophasic Current Phase Duration Is the Same As Pulse Duration b With Biphasic Current Pulse Duration Is Determined By The Combined Phase Durations b With Polyphasic Current The Combined Pulse Duration And Interpulse Interval Is The Pulse Period

24. Pulse Frequency (CPS, PPS, Hz) b Effects The Type Of Muscle Contraction b Effects The Mechanism of Pain Modulation

25. Electrical Circuits b Path of Current From Power Source Through Various Components Back To Generator b Power Source-Conducting Medium - Component Resistors Series CircuitSeries Circuit Parallel CircuitParallel Circuit

26. Series Circuit b One Path For Current To Take b Component Resistors Placed End To End b Total Resistance = Sum of Resistances b Total Voltage = Sum of Voltage Decreases

27. Parallel Circuit b Component Resistors Placed Side to Side With Ends Connected b Current Chooses Path With Least Resistance b Resistors Have Lower Resistance But Higher Current Flow Than A Series Circuit

28. Current Flow Through Biologic Tissues b Combination Of Both Series And Parallel Circuits b Tissue Highest In Water And Ion Content Best Conductors - Blood, Nerve, Muscle, Tendon, Skin, Fat, Bone

29. Safety In Using Electrical Equipment

30. Ground Fault Interruptors Constantly compare amount of electricity flowing from wall outlet to whirlpool turbine with the amount returning GFI will interrupt current flow in as little as 1/40 of a second