1. Solids, Liquids, and Gases (and Plasmas) Chapter 3
Standard 8.3d – Students will know the states of matter (solid, liquid, and gas) depend on molecular motion.

2. Solid – has definite shape and volume
Crystalline – matter is very orderly; iron or diamond
Amorphous – not orderly; rubber, wax and glass

3. Liquid – takes the shape of container with definite volume
2 Liquid Properties
Surface Tension- a force at the surface of liquid that creates spherical drops
Viscosity – a liquids resistance to flow; honey vs water (who’s gonna win )

4. Gases- changes in both shape and volume
In a gas, the atoms and molecules are free to move independently, colliding frequently. The particles in a gas are much further apart than between a solid or a liquid.

5. and Plasma Has no definite shape or volume
Conduct electricity (like lightning, fire, and stars)
Make up 99% of our Universe

6. Changes of State
Particles at a warmer temp have more thermal energy than particles at a cooler temp
Remember: Thermal energy flows as heat from a warmer substance to a cooler substance (ice cream cone melts when outside)

7. Melting Freezing Changes between solid and liquid
Changing from a solid to a liquid
Melting occurs at the melting point (water’s melting point = 0˚C and table salt is 800.7˚C)
Particles begin to speed up (vibrate quicker)
Changing from a liquid to a solid
Water’s freezing point = 0˚C
Particles begin to slow down to fixed positions

8. Changes between liquid and gas
Vaporization - liquid particles gain enough energy to form a gas
Evaporation
Boiling
Takes place only on the surface of a liquid (shrinking puddle, etc)
Takes place when a liquid changes to gas below surface as well as at the surface

9. Condensation – change in state from a gas to a liquid
Gas particles lose thermal energy to form a liquid
Cloud formation, fogged up mirrors, water droplets on pop can

10. Changes between solid and gas
Sublimation – when the surfaces particles of a solid gain enough energy to form a gas
Solid CO2 = ˚F or -78.5˚C

11. The Behavior of Gases
Measure gases in 3 ways:
Volume – amount of space that matter fills
Temperature – measure of the average energy of motion of the particles of matter (faster the particles are moving, the greater the energy, thus a higher temp results)

12. 3. Pressure – the force exerted on a surface divided by the total area over which the force is exerted
Pressure is measured in units called Pascal's (Pa)
High vs Low Pressure
Higher pressure has higher # of gas particles per unit volume than low pressure

13. Gas Laws Charles’s Law Boyle’s Law
The volume of a gas increases as temp increases, and vice versa (proportional)
As the pressure of a gas increases, the volume of that gas will decrease, and vice versa (inversely proportional)
Charles’s Law

14. Pressure and temperature
Recall: The higher the temperature, the faster the molecules are moving
When the temp of a gas is increased, the pressure also increases, and vice versa.