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Published byAva Adkins Modified over 11 years ago
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Reactions of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and aromatics
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alkane + halogen haloalkane +hydrogen halide
ALKANES Combustion (Extreme Oxidation) Alkane + O2 CO2 + H2O Incomplete combustion Alkane + O2 CO + H2 O Substitution (with halides) alkane + halogen haloalkane +hydrogen halide CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl CH3Cl + Cl2 CH2Cl2 + HCl
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ALKENES 1. Addition Reactions (breaking of the double bond)
A) Halogenation (adding halides) alkene + halogen haloalkane B) Hydrogenation (adding hydrogen) alkene + hydrogen alkane CH2=CH2 + H CH3CH3
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C) Hydrohalogenation (adding hydrogen halides)
alkene + hydrogen halide haloalkane D) Hydration (adding water) alkene + water alcohol Hydrohalogenation and hydration follow Markovnikov’s Rule which states that the hydrogen is added to the carbon with the most hydrogen atoms originally bonded to it.
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*Polymerization will be addressed in section 2.3
2. Combustion (extreme oxidation) Alkene + O2 CO2 + H2O 3. Polymerization (forming long chains from small subunits) *Polymerization will be addressed in section 2.3
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ALKYNES 1. Addition Reactions (breaking of the multiple bond)
A) Halogenation (adding halides) alkyne + 2 halogens haloalkane alkyne + 1 halogen haloalkene
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B) Hydrogenation (adding hydrogen)
alkyne + 2 hydrogen alkane
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C) Hydrohalogenation (adding hydrogen halides)
alkyne hydrogen halides haloalkane
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Reactions of Aromatics
1. Substitution A) With Halogens benzene + halogen halobenzene + hydrogen halide
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2. With Alkyl Halides ( not mentioned in textbook)
benzene + alkyl halide alkyl benzene + hydrogen halide 3. With Nitric Acid ( not mentioned in textbook) benzene + nitric acid nitrobenzene + water
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