1. 3D Optical Trapping via Tapered Optical Fibre at Extreme Low Insertion Angles Presentation by: Steven Ross The GERI Weekly Seminar Friday 18 th October 2013 Supervisors: Prof. D. R. Burton, Dr. F. Lilley & Dr. M. F. Murphy General Engineering Research Institute (GERI), Coherent & Electro- Optics Research Group (CEORG), Liverpool John Moores University (LJMU), GERI Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK. Email: s.ross@2002.ljmu.ac.uks.ross@2002.ljmu.ac.uk

2. Introduction What is optical trapping? Optical trapping history & basic theory Optical trapping configurations Pros & cons of “classical” and fibre systems Tapered fibre optic tweezers(T-FOT’s) system Optical fibre insertion angle issues & solutions Maximum trapping range Conclusion

3. What is Optical Trapping? Exploitation of the forces produced during the interaction between light and matter Allowing the deflection, acceleration, stretching, compression, rotation and confinement of organic & inanimate material Ranging in sizes from the microscopic down to the atomic level Optical forces can be in excess of 100 Pico Newton’s with sub-Nanometre resolution Excellent force transducers

4. The Origins of Optical Trapping 1969 -Arthur Ashkin – Bell Laboratories Effects of electromagnetic radiation pressure forces on microscopic particles Witnessed Unusual phenomena Expected – Particles driven in the direction of the laser beam’s propagation Unexpected - Particles located at the fringes of the laser beam’s axis were drawn into the high intensity region of the axis

5. Optical Forces Acting on a Particle Ashkin's initial observationsTotal forces acting on a particle

6. Optical Trapping System Configurations Counter propagating laser beamsParticle levitation trap

7. Optical Trapping System Configurations Multiple Optical Tweezers Dual Optical tweezers – Splitting the beam – Two laser sources Multiple trap systems – Fast Scanning time shared laser beam – Diffractive optical element (DOE) – Computer generated holographic optical trap’s Single Beam gradient force optical trap – “Optical tweezers”

8. Pros & Cons of “Classical” and fibre Based System Configurations “Classical” optical tweezers Very large surface area required to mount the bulk optics Physically large compared to the miniaturised arena which they were built to serve Require a high numerical aperture (NA) microscope objective Expensive Poor solution for project design criterion Fibre Based Optical Tweezers Reduced size and build costs No bulk optics required No high (NA) microscope objective required Therefore it can be decoupled from the microscope Optical fibre delivers the trapping laser light to the sample chamber Basic system consists of a laser and an optical fibre Ideal for project design criterion

9. Disadvantages of Fibre Based Optical Trapping Systems Known Fibre Trapping Issues Optical fibre is a physical entity The light exiting a Fibre is divergent Optical trapping efficiency of fibre systems < “classical” systems Literature suggests that trapping cannot occur at fibre insertion angles below 20° Problem Relating to the Project Requires fixing and manipulation Fibre’s distal end requires shaping to focus the light Requires higher optical powers to reach same level of forces Design criterion requires an insertion angle of ≤ 10° to pass under the atomic force microscope (AFM) head

10. Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) AFM Head Optical Lever Detection System

11. Tapered Fibre Optic Tweezers (T-FOT’s) System

12. 3D Trapping at 45° Insertion Angle

13. 3D optical Trapping at 10° Insertion Angle Initial attempt to trap at a 10° Insertion angle failed at low optical output powers At extremely high optical output powers in excess of 500 mW 3D optical trapping was observed Leading to investigations as to why trapping only occurred at high optical output powers at an insertion angle of 10°

14. Investigation into Trapping Failure at Sub-45° Insertion Angles

16. Fibre Taper Optimisation for 10° Insertion Angle Optical Trapping Tip 44 Tip 96 Tip 92 Tip 94

17. Maximum Trapping Range

19. 929496Simulated Maximum Trapping Range (µm)913 0-12 [1] Tapered Tip Movement (µm)9910 Actual Particle Displacement (µm)6.276.118.2 Percentage error %30.332.118 [1] Z. Liu, C. Guo, J. Yang and L. Yuan, “Tapered fiber optical tweezers for microscopic particle trapping: fabrication and application,” Opt. Express 14(25), 12510-12516 (2006)

20. Conclusion Brief explanation of optical trapping, its origins, basic theory behind the technique & the various system configurations Provided an evaluation of the pros & cons for both classical and fibre based systems Presented T-FOTs a 3D fibre based optical trapping system Offered a hypothesis for trapping failure at a 10° insertion angle & provided a viable solution for the problem Discussed the maximum trapping range

21. Thank You Any Questions?