1. Development, creative industries, democracy and Africa
Linking the dots

2. Development Challenges
51% live in poverty, on less than $2 per day
50% of children not in school, are in Africa
1 in 7 African children die by age of 5
African maternal mortality: 1 in 30 women
2/3 of 33m HIV-positive people live in Africa
Child dies of malaria every 45 secs: 90% Africa
Average life expectancy in Africa less than 55
69% of sub-Saharan Africans lack basic sanitation

3. Millennium Development Goals (MDGS): 2015
Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education
Goal 3: Promote gender equity, empower women
Goal 4: Reduce child mortality by two-thirds
Goal 5: Improve maternal health
Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS and malaria
Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability
Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development
Conclusion: MDGs are most relevant to Africa

4. Africa: Not just a country
54 countries 11 countries with populations of 20m or more, Nigeria largest at 160m; 9: 12-20m; 12: 5-12ml; 12: 1-5m, 6 <1m Urban-rural divides range from 76:24 in Djibouti to 13:87 in Uganda National GDPs range from $408b (SA) to $248m (Sao Tome and Principe) Per Capita income: $215 in DRC to $ (EQ)

5. Development
A process of economic growth: ‘a rapid and sustained expansion of production, productivity and income per head’

6. Top Ten countries according to GDP
1. South Africa (South) 2. Nigeria (West) 3. Egypt (North) 4. Algeria (North) 5. Angola (South) 6. Morocco (North) 7. Sudan (East) 8. Tunisia (North) 9. Ghana (West) 10. Libya (North) North 50%; West 20%; South 20%; East 10% Africa: 2,3% of world’s GDP; creative industries: <1%

7. IMF: Ten fastest-growing economies globally, 2001-2010
Annual GDP growth
Angola 11,1%
China 10,5%
Myanmar 10,3%
Nigeria 8,9%
Ethiopia 8,4%
Kazakhstan 8,2% Chad 7,9% Mozambique 7,9% Cambodia 7,7% Rwanda 7,6%

8. Fastest growing: 2011-2015 IMF Projections
China 9,5% India 8,2% Ethiopia 8,1% Mozambique 7,7% Tanzania 7,2%
Vietnam 7,2% Congo 7,0% Ghana 7,0% Zambia 6,9% Nigeria 6,8%

9. Top Ten countries according to Per Capita Income (2010)
Equatorial Guinea $ O.7m
Libya $ ,5m
Seychelles $ m
Gabon $ ,5m
Mauritius $ ,3m
Botswana $ ,9m
South Africa $ m
Algeria $ ,4m
Namibia $ ,2m
Tunisia $ m
(Austria: $ – 3,5 times higher than highest African country)

10. Unemployment in Africa
50%+: Namibia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe 40%+: Kenya, Senegal, Swaziland 30%+: Equatorial Guinea, Senegal, Swaziland 20%+: Gabon, South Africa, Nigeria 10%+: Algeria, Tunisia, Zambia 9%-: Botswana, Ghana, Egypt McKinsey Report: 28% of Africans have stable, wage paying jobs (implication: 72% unemployed, underemployed, engaged in informal sector)

11. Inequality levels
Angola: fastest-growing economy, but more than 60% live on less than $2 per day Equatorial Guinea: Highest per capita income at $ (0,7m people), but 75% live below poverty threshold, 30%+ unemployed South Africa: wealthiest 20% earn 70% of national income; poorest 20% earn 2,3% 50% of employed people earn 250 Euros or less per month

12. Conclusions re “Development as economic growth”
1. Despite significant economic growth, most Africans
live below the poverty line
are unemployed in a “formal” way
survive through the informal sector
2. Growth is not the problem: wealth is concentrated in an elite with little “development” benefit to most.
3. If other economic sectors e.g. resources, with high growth rates do not lead to “development”, then it is highly unlikely that the creative industries will.

13. Development as Human Development
Human development is a development paradigm that is much more than the rise and fall of national incomes. It is about creating an environment in which people can develop their full potential and lead productive, creative lives in accord with their needs and interests. People are the real wealth of nations. Development is thus about expanding the choices people have to lead lives that they value. And it is thus about much more than economic growth which is only a means – if a very important one – of enlarging people’s choices. - UNDP

14. Object of Development
“The basic purpose of development is to enlarge people’s choices…the objective of development is to create an enabling environment for people to enjoy long, healthy and creative lives”.
Mahbub ul Haq, co-founder of the Human Development Report (along with Indian economist Amartya Sen)

15. Human Development Index
Measurement of life expectancy, education and income
Four categories: Very High, High, Medium and Low Human Development
36 African countries (66%) in Low Human Development, 12 Medium, 3 High
Highest: Libya (53 globally), Mauritius (72) and Tunisia (81)

16. Limitations of HDI
Libya ranked highest, but a dictatorship with limited human freedoms, hence the overthrow of the regime
Similarly, other highly ranked African countries – other than Mauritius – were North African – Tunisia and Algeria with limited human rights and freedoms
Some argue that growth in Africa must take precedence over democracy (not borne out in North Africa, though modelled elsewhere)

17. China in Africa: hard infrastructure
Trade between China and Africa: $1b in 1980; $10b, 2000; $114b, 2010; $166b 2011
Largest trading partner with Africa; USA next and then France (EU less influential)
More than 800 Chinese companies in Africa investing in roads, railways, mines, agriculture, ICT, etc
July: opened $20b credit line to Africa – investment in hard infrastructure
Airports in Kenya and Ghana, port in Ghana

18. China in Africa: soft investment
Built new AU Complex in Addis Ababa, new ministerial complex in Liberia
Peacekeeping in Sudan
Agricultural research and Poverty Reduction Centre(Mozambique), railway technical training in Nigeria
Student graduates: Equatorial Guinea, Congo, Angola, etc

19. China and Culture in Africa
Building stadiums: Kenya, Gabon, Zambia – “stadium diplomacy”
Cultural spaces: National Theatre in Senegal, Museum in Nigeria
Confucius Centres: language, culture (more than 16 in Africa)
Cultural exchanges/festivals/exhibitions

20. Chinese versus West’s approach
Huge investment in hard and soft infrastructure currently driving both Chinese and African growth
No interference in local political affairs, no human rights/democracy conditionality requirements (but then West had similar attitude to Tunisia, Egypt, etc)
Primary means of cultural engagement: French Institute, British Council, Goethe Institute from Europe vs Confucius Centres

21. Democracy and Human Rights in Africa
Freedom House criteria: political rights expressed in electoral processes, political pluralism and the functioning of government, and key civil liberties, personal autonomy and individual rights - determines whether countries are “free”, “partly free” or “not free”.
Free: open political competition, respect for civil liberties and highly independent media and civil society organisations.
Partly free: limited respect for political and civil liberties, where a single party enjoys significant dominance and where corruption, weak rule of law and ethnic and/or religious strife prevail.
Not Free: civil and political liberties are absent and basic civil liberties are systematically denied

22. Democracy and Human Rights in Africa
2011 survey: 9 African countries are “free” (16%), 23 “partly free” (42%) and 23 as “not free” (42%): overwhelming majority of Africans live in conditions where political pluralism, free and fair elections, political and civil liberties, including freedom of expression (essential for creative practice) and association, are restricted.
4 of 6 fastest growing economies: “Not Free”, 2 “Partly Free”
Other 4 fastest-growing: China, Cambodia, Myanmar and Kazakhstan, all “not free”
South Africa: elections, constitutional guarantees yet high unemployment, inequality, low life expectancy

23. Arterial Network definition of development
“The ongoing generation and application of resources (financial, human, infrastructural, etc) to create the optimal conditions (political, cultural, social, economic, etc) in which human beings enjoy the full range of human rights and freedoms enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights”. 

24. Relationship between culture and development
Development – however defined – is an act of culture; it is premised on values, ideological assumptions, belief systems
Development disrupts cultures of beneficiaries: shifting, reshaping values, beliefs, traditions
Development as facilitator of human rights and freedoms must affirm Article 27
Creative products have values, ideas, beliefs, ideology embedded

25. UNESCO Convention Promotes creative industries of the global south
Encourages investment in these industries
Provides for preferential access to global north markets for global south creative goods and services

26. Value Chain
Education and training: absence of or poor arts and business of arts institutions
Creation: large pool of raw talent (migration)
Production: absence of start-up capital, poor infrastructure (artists studios, rehearsal spaces, access to technology, recording studios)
Distribution: lack of galleries, theatres, etc but high number of (weak) festivals
Consumption: High poverty and inequality, low markets for sustainable industries, high levels of piracy

27. From creative industries to creative sector
Three areas of arts/cultural activity
For own sake (human/personal development, freedom of creative expression)
For socially good ends (instrumentalization for social development) – given development needs, might be most necessary
For commercial profit (creative industries, wealth generation)

28. Can creative industries help Africa to flourish?
African conditions with regard to value chains, markets with disposable income, understanding of and political will for creative industries – vastly different, little from Africa
UNESCO Convention – investment in and opening of markets by global north nowhere near scale required, little from global north
Countries most in need of development (bottom of HDI) more likely to invest in hard development; countries with GDP and markets, CI’s most likely to benefit elites

29. Conclusion
Rather than models and strategies appropriate to western democracies e.g. creative industries or models and strategies that work for China (high growth, low democracy), if the end of development is PEOPLE and their well-being, fundamental freedoms and human rights, then we need informed, multi-layered, holistic developmental approaches appropriate to varying African conditions within and between regions and countries.