1. ©2004 Wadsworth Publishing Co.
An Invitation to Health Chapter 15 Lowering Your Risk of Cancer and Other Major Diseases
Dr. Lana Zinger
©2004 Wadsworth Publishing Co.

2. Metastasis, Or Spread of Cancer
Figure 15.1

3. How Cancer Starts and Spreads

4. Sex Differences in Cancer
X & Y File

5. Who Is at Risk for Developing Cancer?
Heredity
Infectious
Agents
Racial
and
Ethnic
Groups
Obesity

6. How Can I Reduce My Cancer Risk?
Cancer-Smart Nutrition
Diet high in antioxidant-rich fruits and vegetables.
Low fat diet.
Consider food-processing and preparation techniques.
Tobacco Smoke
First-hand vs. environmental.
Environmental Risks
Avoidance of carcinogens.
Early Detection
Screening examinations and self-examinations.
Chemoprevention
Tamixofen, raloxifene (Evista), and Proscar.

7. Common Types of Cancer
Carcinoma
Lymphoma
Sarcoma
Leukemia

8. Skin Cancer Squamous-Cell Cancer and Basal-Cell Cancer
Cause
UVA and UVB exposure.
Sunlamps and tanning salons.
Smoking and exposure to certain chemicals.
Inherited skin disorders.
Treatments
Surgical removal, cryosurgery, electrodesiccation, topical chemotherapy, and removal with lasers, chemical peels, or dermabrasion.

9. Skin Cancer Melanoma – The deadliest type of skin cancer
Cause
Exposure to UV radiation.
Use of tanning beds.
Risks
Fair skin
Freckles
A history of childhood sunburn’
A personal or family history
A large number of moles
Detection
Change in an existing mole.
Development of a new and changing pigmented mole.
Change in color.
An increase in diameter.
Changes in borders of the mole.
Treatment
Surgery; Chemotherapy

10. ABCD: The Warning Signs Of Melanoma

11. Self-exam for Skin Cancer
Figure 12.12
Self-exam for Skin Cancer

12. Risk Factors for Breast Cancer
Age
Family History
Age at Menarche
Age at Birth of First Child
Breast Biopsies
Race
Occupation
Alcohol
Hormone Replacement Therapy

13. Size of Tumors Found by Mammography
Figure 7.4
Size of Tumors Found by Mammography
and Breast Self-Exam

14. Breast Cancer Treatment Surgery Radiation Drugs Detection
Breast self-examination.
Clinical breast exam.
Every 3 years for women in their 20’s and 30’s.
Every year for women 40+years.
Mammogram
For all women starting at age 40.
Education about breast cancer symptoms.
Treatment
Surgery
Lumpectomy
Mastectomy
Radiation
Drugs
Chemotherapy
Hormonal therapy
Taxol, Taxotere
Herceptin

15. Breast Self-Exam
Mammography
Figure 15.5

16. Colon Cancer
Risks
Age, gender, personal or family history, polyps, ulcerative colitis, smoking, alcohol consumption, high-fat or low-fiber diet, and inadequate intake of fruits and vegetables.
Early Signs
Bleeding from the rectum.
Blood in the stool.
Change in bowel habits.
Prevention
Screening starting at age 50.
Fecal occult blood test.
Sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy
Treatment
Surgery
Radiation therapy
Chemotherapy

17. Screening for Colon Cancer
Figure 15.6

18. Testicular Cancer Early Signs Enlargement of one testicle.
Dull ache in the lower abdomen or groin.
Lumps on the testicles.
Prevention
Monthly testicular self-exams
Treatment
Surgery
Removal of nearby lymph nodes
Radiation therapy
Chemotherapy
Testosterone injections

19. Other Common Cancers Cervical Cancer Oral Cancer Ovarian Cancer Lung
Prostate
Cancer
Leukemia

20. New Hope Against Cancer
Surgery
Radiation
Therapy
Chemotherapy
Biological
Therapies
Bone-Marrow
Transplantation
Gene Therapy

21. Types of Diabetes Mellitus
Type 2 Diabetes
The body is producing some insulin, but is not responding to it properly.
95% of all diabetics over age 20
Causes= Excess body fat, inactivity and genetics.
Type 1 Diabetes
The pancreas is not producing insulin and the patient requires regular insulin injections.
Only 5% of all diabetics.
Causes
?viral and genetics.

22. Roles of Insulin
Insulin: A hormone essential for processing glucose in the body.
It is produced in the islets of Langerhans within the pancreas.
ROLE #1
To move glucose
from the blood to
the cells of the body
where it is used
for energy.
ROLE #2
To convert excess
glucose to glycogen,
stored as an energy
reserve in the liver
and muscles.

23. Signs and Symptoms of Diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes
Sudden and dramatic onset of symptoms.
Symptoms
Fatigue, irritability, abnormal hunger and thirst, frequent urination, and weight loss.
Life-threatening complications
Diabetic coma, insulin reaction.
Type 2 Diabetes
Onset of symptoms are more gradual.
Symptoms
Same type 1 diabetes plus drowsiness, blurred vision, itching, slow healing cuts, skin infections, and numbness of fingers and toes

24. Treatment for Diabetes Mellitus
Type 1 Diabetes
Insulin injections
Home glucose monitoring
Well-balanced diet
Exercise
Weight management
Type 2 Diabetes
Oral hypoglycemic medications
Home glucose monitoring
Well-balanced diet
Exercise
Weight management

25. Long Term Complications of Diabetes
Diabetic
Retinopathy
Kidney
Disease
Cardiovascular
Complications
Diabetic
Neuropathy

26. Epilepsy and Seizure Disorders Respiratory Diseases Anemias
Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (COLD)
Anemias
Iron Deficiency, Sickle Cell, Pernicious Anemia and Aplastic Anemia
Liver Disorders
Cirrhosis
Kidney Diseases
Nephrosis and Kidney Stones
Digestive Diseases
Ulcers, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Irritable Bowel Disease and Gallstones
Disorders of the Muscles, Joints, and Bones
Arthritis, Hernias, and Back Aches
Skin Disorders
Eczema, Dermatitis and Psoriasis

27. Protecting Yourself From Cancer and Major Illnesses
Avoid excessive exposure to UV light
Avoid obvious cancer risks
Eat a variety of healthful foods
Keep moving
Watch your weight
Limit consumption of alcoholic beverages
Be alert to changes in your body