1. starter activity Look carefully at this painting. What impression does this painting give you about attitudes to the outbreak of war in 1854? Can you spot Queen Victoria?

2. How did the reporting of the Crimean War change attitudes in Britain? To investigate the causes of, key features of and Britains role in the Crimean War.

3. Your Task Your Task Read the information on page 2 How is the Crimean War remembered?. Read the information on page 2 How is the Crimean War remembered?. Produce a spider diagram to summarise the historical importance of the Crimean War. Produce a spider diagram to summarise the historical importance of the Crimean War. Map showing location of the Crimea.

4. Read the information on pages 3 & 4 about the causes of the Crimean War. Read the information on pages 3 & 4 about the causes of the Crimean War. Complete a table or list evidence for blaming each of the main countries involved for starting the Crimean War. Complete a table or list evidence for blaming each of the main countries involved for starting the Crimean War. Russia Russia Britain Britain Turkey Turkey France France Which country should be held accountable for the Crimean War? Which country should be held accountable for the Crimean War? Your Task Your Task

5. How useful is the description in Source C in helping you to understand the problems faced by the British soldiers? How useful is the description in Source C in helping you to understand the problems faced by the British soldiers? Consider: Consider: Content Content Context Context Situation of the Author Situation of the Author Purpose Purpose Nature of the evidence Nature of the evidence

6. How useful is Source C Useful in describing the problems encountered by British soldiers such as filthy streets, rats & dogs, stench, cheap wine & whores. Conditions of the British camp etc. Useful in describing the problems encountered by British soldiers such as filthy streets, rats & dogs, stench, cheap wine & whores. Conditions of the British camp etc. Written in 1975 over 100 years later, author is a military historian and clearly sympathetic towards British army and ordinary soldiers. However his description is likely based on accounts by soldiers and officers from the time, which makes the accuracy questionable as some may have exaggerated conditions, some were certainly drunk, disparity between views of soldiers & officers. Written in 1975 over 100 years later, author is a military historian and clearly sympathetic towards British army and ordinary soldiers. However his description is likely based on accounts by soldiers and officers from the time, which makes the accuracy questionable as some may have exaggerated conditions, some were certainly drunk, disparity between views of soldiers & officers. Purpose is obviously to be informative, but Crimea is a controversial war and Judd will not want to be seen as unpatriotic. Also he will want to sell his book and may paint a more vivid description of conditions using sources for his purpose and ignoring others. Purpose is obviously to be informative, but Crimea is a controversial war and Judd will not want to be seen as unpatriotic. Also he will want to sell his book and may paint a more vivid description of conditions using sources for his purpose and ignoring others.

7. How was the Crimean war reported? To understand why Roger Fenton & William Russells reporting of the Crimean War so significant.

8. starter activity What are your first impressions of these two men, looking just at their photographs? Jot down your impressions and discuss them with a partner. Roger Fenton William Russell

9. Your Task Your Task Read the biography of Roger Fenton on page 7. Read the biography of Roger Fenton on page 7. How far would you be able to regard his photographs as an accurate record of the Crimean war? How far would you be able to regard his photographs as an accurate record of the Crimean war? How useful is the photograph (Source E) to historians investigating the Crimean War? (Think about your answers to the previous task). How useful is the photograph (Source E) to historians investigating the Crimean War? (Think about your answers to the previous task).

10. How accurate is Roger Fentons photography of Crimea? Patroned by Queen Victoria so will be wary of being to critical of the Upper Class and those with Royal connections. Patroned by Queen Victoria so will be wary of being to critical of the Upper Class and those with Royal connections. Worked for Thomas Agnew & Sons who wanted a photographic album of the Crimean War. Fenton instructed not to photograph the horrors of war & C19th technology did allow the filming of moving scenes. Worked for Thomas Agnew & Sons who wanted a photographic album of the Crimean War. Fenton instructed not to photograph the horrors of war & C19th technology did allow the filming of moving scenes. Likely that at least some of his photographs were staged or posed for effect. Likely that at least some of his photographs were staged or posed for effect. How useful is this photograph?

11. How useful is Source E to historians investigating the Crimean War? Useful in showing uniforms and equipment of the soldiers and officers, the condition of the camp e.g. the hut in the background and the location. Also the fact that women were clearly present. Useful in showing uniforms and equipment of the soldiers and officers, the condition of the camp e.g. the hut in the background and the location. Also the fact that women were clearly present. However, it suggests a comradely relationship between men & officers which may not be true, is this a natural picture taken discreetly or has Fenton got the men to pose. The picture shows a small section of the camp but is not useful in showing whether this scene was typical of the whole British camp or its conditions. However, it suggests a comradely relationship between men & officers which may not be true, is this a natural picture taken discreetly or has Fenton got the men to pose. The picture shows a small section of the camp but is not useful in showing whether this scene was typical of the whole British camp or its conditions. We also know that Fenton was instructed by his employers to photograph the war in a positive manner so we must be careful of his evidence and its accuracy. We also know that Fenton was instructed by his employers to photograph the war in a positive manner so we must be careful of his evidence and its accuracy.

12. Your Task Your Task Read the biography of William Russell on page 8 and his description in Source F of conditions in Crimea. Read the biography of William Russell on page 8 and his description in Source F of conditions in Crimea. What hints does Russell give of the problems to come? What hints does Russell give of the problems to come? What impression of the war would this report probably have given to people reading it back in Britain? What impression of the war would this report probably have given to people reading it back in Britain? To what extent can we rely on the reportage of the Crimean War as delivered by Roger Fenton and William Russell? To what extent can we rely on the reportage of the Crimean War as delivered by Roger Fenton and William Russell?

13. Problems to come Heat day was warm. Heat day was warm. Poor transportation of supplies and equipment Wretched transport. Poor transportation of supplies and equipment Wretched transport. Lack of natural resources such as animals etc for food or shade destitute of tree or shrub, few villages to acquire supplies Infrequent villages. Lack of natural resources such as animals etc for food or shade destitute of tree or shrub, few villages to acquire supplies Infrequent villages. Sickness amongst the troops poor sufferers who had dropped of illness & fatigue. Sickness amongst the troops poor sufferers who had dropped of illness & fatigue.

14. How reliable are Fenton and Russ Fenton presents only positive imagery of war and his still pictures do not present accurate imagery of events such as battles. Fenton presents only positive imagery of war and his still pictures do not present accurate imagery of events such as battles. Russell, although often frank in his reports was very xenophobic towards Britains allies France & Turkey. He did not witness all the events he described and some of his sources are unknown and therefore reliability can be questioned. Russell also lived in luxury and missed large sections of the winter campaigns. Russell, although often frank in his reports was very xenophobic towards Britains allies France & Turkey. He did not witness all the events he described and some of his sources are unknown and therefore reliability can be questioned. Russell also lived in luxury and missed large sections of the winter campaigns. The Times which he wrote for would also want to sell copies and therefore may have instructed or even edited Russells reports to sensationalise events for its readers. The Times which he wrote for would also want to sell copies and therefore may have instructed or even edited Russells reports to sensationalise events for its readers.

15. Your Task Your Task Read Source I (page 10), Russells description of the Battle of Alma, then read Source H (page 10) by the naval surgeon James Peters. Read Source I (page 10), Russells description of the Battle of Alma, then read Source H (page 10) by the naval surgeon James Peters. To what extent does William Russells dispatch support the account given by James Peters? To what extent does William Russells dispatch support the account given by James Peters? Look back at your earlier work on Source F, How far do Sources H & I help to confirm the answer you gave was correct? Look back at your earlier work on Source F, How far do Sources H & I help to confirm the answer you gave was correct?

16. Russell v Peters Support – agrees on what happened to wounded British soldiers wounded were sent to sea & small steamer. Also seem to agree that British army had a lack of care for its troops e.g. French had well-appointed hospital vans, Some arrangements should have been made. Support – agrees on what happened to wounded British soldiers wounded were sent to sea & small steamer. Also seem to agree that British army had a lack of care for its troops e.g. French had well-appointed hospital vans, Some arrangements should have been made. Disagree – the two accounts largely look at different aspects, Russell is commenting on the battlefield conditions, where as Peters is discussing the conditions on board HMS Vulcan and states facts concerning the arrival and conditions of the wounded. Russells dispatch is opinionated rather than factual e.g. this disgraceful comparison. Russell gives no figures about the number of wounded to allow an accurate comparison of the two accounts to be made. Disagree – the two accounts largely look at different aspects, Russell is commenting on the battlefield conditions, where as Peters is discussing the conditions on board HMS Vulcan and states facts concerning the arrival and conditions of the wounded. Russells dispatch is opinionated rather than factual e.g. this disgraceful comparison. Russell gives no figures about the number of wounded to allow an accurate comparison of the two accounts to be made.

17. Your Task Your Task Read through he Broadside The Battle of Alma in Source J. Read through he Broadside The Battle of Alma in Source J. What is the tone of this broadside? What is the tone of this broadside? What reaction would you expect it to generate among those who listened to it on the streets in Britain? What reaction would you expect it to generate among those who listened to it on the streets in Britain?

18. Homework Homework Find a twentieth or twenty-first century report from a war correspondent that was published in a British newspaper. If possible, choose a war as close to present as possible e.g. Iraq or Afghanistan. Find a twentieth or twenty-first century report from a war correspondent that was published in a British newspaper. If possible, choose a war as close to present as possible e.g. Iraq or Afghanistan. Compare the report to Russells report of the Battle of Alma ( read p9 & 10 ). Obviously, they are different wars, but in what ways are the reports similar and different? Compare the report to Russells report of the Battle of Alma ( read p9 & 10 ). Obviously, they are different wars, but in what ways are the reports similar and different?

19. Plenary Plenary How useful are other types of sources to our understanding of Crimea such as, letters, diaries & journals from Doctors, soldiers and their wives. How useful are other types of sources to our understanding of Crimea such as, letters, diaries & journals from Doctors, soldiers and their wives. Discuss this in pairs and produce a list of points to consider about the reliability and usefulness of such evidence. Discuss this in pairs and produce a list of points to consider about the reliability and usefulness of such evidence.