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Senter for teknologi, innovasjon og kultur (TIK) - Universitetet i Oslo Rational, natural and open perspectives Mandag 14. november 2005 Forelesning 2
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Senter for teknologi, innovasjon og kultur (TIK) - Universitetet i Oslo Rational perspective Definition: –”Organizations are collectivities oriented to the pursuit of relatively specific goals and exhibiting relatively highly formalized social structures.”
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Senter for teknologi, innovasjon og kultur (TIK) - Universitetet i Oslo Rational perspective Focus on the organization as an instrument Focus on designing organizations properly to achieve goals
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Senter for teknologi, innovasjon og kultur (TIK) - Universitetet i Oslo Rational perspective Goal specificity –Conceptions of desired ends –Clear preferences –Support rational behavior
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Senter for teknologi, innovasjon og kultur (TIK) - Universitetet i Oslo Rational perspective Formalization –Make behavior predictable by standardizing and regulating it. –Organizational structure an instrument to achieve specific goals. –Organizational structure can be modified to make changes.
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Senter for teknologi, innovasjon og kultur (TIK) - Universitetet i Oslo Rational perspective Theories prescribe guidelines for how to govern activity and achieve rationality –Scientific Management –Administrative principles –Bureaucracy –Administrative behavior
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Senter for teknologi, innovasjon og kultur (TIK) - Universitetet i Oslo Natural perspective Definition: –”Organizations are collectivities whose participants are pursuing multiple interests, both disparate and common, but who recognize the value of perpetuating the organization as an important resource. The informal structure of the relations that develops among participants is more influential in guiding the behavior of participants than is the formal structure.”
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Senter for teknologi, innovasjon og kultur (TIK) - Universitetet i Oslo Natural perspective Social characteristics of organizations more important than the formal/rational Focus on behavior Organizations more than instruments – they are social groups attempting to survive Organizations have irrational elements and processes
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Senter for teknologi, innovasjon og kultur (TIK) - Universitetet i Oslo Natural perspective Goal complexity –Stated vs. Real goals –Parallel goals
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Senter for teknologi, innovasjon og kultur (TIK) - Universitetet i Oslo Natural perspective Informal structures –Question the importance of formalized structures –Participants affect the formal organization –This has both negative and positive implications
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Senter for teknologi, innovasjon og kultur (TIK) - Universitetet i Oslo Natural perspective Examples: –Hawthorne effect
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Senter for teknologi, innovasjon og kultur (TIK) - Universitetet i Oslo Natural perspective “In sum, natural system analysts insist that highly centralized and formalized structures are doomed to be ineffective and irrational in that they waste the organizations most precious resource: the intelligence and initiative of its participants.”
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Senter for teknologi, innovasjon og kultur (TIK) - Universitetet i Oslo Open perspective Definition: –“Organizations are congeries of interdependent flows and activities linking shifting coalitions of participants embedded in wider material-resource and institutional environments.”
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Senter for teknologi, innovasjon og kultur (TIK) - Universitetet i Oslo Open perspective Complexity of individual parts –Individuals –Sub-groups System boundaries seen as transitory Primary attention to the ties that bind organizations to their environment Cultural-cognitive dimensions important
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Senter for teknologi, innovasjon og kultur (TIK) - Universitetet i Oslo Open perspective Examples: Loose and tight coupling Normal accidents vs reliability Contingency theory
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Senter for teknologi, innovasjon og kultur (TIK) - Universitetet i Oslo Rational, natural and open what? Oppgave: –Er dette ulike perspektiver på alle typer organisasjoner? –Eller er det snakk om ulike typer organisasjoner? –To og to
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Senter for teknologi, innovasjon og kultur (TIK) - Universitetet i Oslo Din organisasjon Beskriv din organisasjon i forhold til de tre perspektivene hos Scott Rational Natural Open
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Senter for teknologi, innovasjon og kultur (TIK) - Universitetet i Oslo Felles oppgave Åtte frivillige personer Dere er en organisasjon Målet deres er å telle sammenhengende til 20
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