1. The Underlying Theories of Precede-Proceed Model
Understanding Causal Assumptions and Intervention Assumptions

2. Prototype of Causal Models and Intervention Models
Problem Theory: Causes->->->->->->->Effects
INPUTS
(educational,
organizational
economic, etc.)
OUTPUTS
(health, quality
of life, develop-ment)
X ?
Most models for planning contain an implicit or an explicit set of assumptions about causation. Unfortunately, these assumptions are too often implicit, so we are left to guess what factor X involves. Is it just behavior, or is it just environment, or is it some combination of lifestyle, environment and health services...
Different models interpret the content of “X?” according to different theories (or assumptions) about causation and control. 10

3. Examples of Causal Theories on Which PRECEDE-PROCEED is Based
Psychological theories in which X includes behavior, and its antecedents such as attitudes, beliefs, perceptions, and other cognitive variables
Sociological theories in which X includes organizational functioning and interorganizational exchange and coalitions.
Economic theories in which X includes consumer behavior and organizational response to consumer demand.
Pathophysiological theories in which X includes organisms or environmental exposure processes.

4. Action Theory and Program Theory Use Causal
Theories to Link Intervention and Outcomes
Action Theory and Program Theory Use Causal Theories to Link Interventions & Outcomes
Intervention Variable Ca
usa
l Variable
Outcome
Variable
Action Theory
Program Theory
Success
Success
*Action Theory and Conceptual Theory Intervention Evaluation Model. Chen p. 200

5. Mediating and Moderating Variables
Mediator
Intervention
Outcome
Variable
Variable
Mediator
Moderator

6. Prototype of the Resource-Based Planning Approach*
1. Select Resource or
Service to be Studied
4. Evaluate Use of the
Resource or Service
2. Assess Demand
for the Resource or
Service
3. Increase Resource
or Increase Demand
*A procedural model, as distinct from a causal model. 11

7. Strengthening Population-based, Diagnostic Planning Approaches*
Participatory
Research
1. Assess Needs, Assets
of Population
2. Assess Causes,
Set Priorities
& Objectives
4. Evaluate
Program
Reassess causes
Redesign
3. Design and
Implement Program
*Green & Kreuter, Health Promotion Planning, 3rd ed., Mayfield, 1999.

8. *Green & Kreuter, Health Promotion Planning, 3rd ed., 1999.
Surveillance, Planning and Evaluating for Policy and Action: PRECEDE-PROCEED MODEL*
Health
education
Policy
regulation
organization
Public
Phase 5
Administrative &
policy assessment
Predisposing
Reinforcing
Enabling
Phase 4
Educational &
ecological
assessment
Behavior
Environment
Phase 3
Behavioral &
environmental
assessment
Health
Phase 2
Epidemiological
assessment
Quality of
life
Phase 1
Social
assessment
Phase 6
Implementation
Phase 7
Process evaluation
Phase 8
Impact evaluation
Phase 9
Outcome evaluation
Input
Process
Output
Short-term
impact
Longer-term
health outcome
Short-term
social impact
Long-term
social impact
*Green & Kreuter, Health Promotion Planning, 3rd ed., 1999.