1. Mass composition of the escaping plasma at Mars Ella Carlsson IRF Kiruna Supervisors: Professor Sverker Fredriksson, LTU Professor Stas Barabash, IRF Ella Carlsson IRF Kiruna

2. Carbon-silicate cycle Ella Carlsson IRF Kiruna

3. Atmosphere 95% CO 2 Ella Carlsson IRF Kiruna

4. Water related features: Streamliners Ella Carlsson IRF Kiruna

5. Water related features: Gullies

6. Ella Carlsson IRF Kiruna Water related features: Riverbeds

7. Water related features: Hematite spheres

8. Layered rock named ‘Last Chance’ Ripple features in Earth rock Water related features: Cross bedding

9. Frozen lake? Ella Carlsson IRF Kiruna

10. Gamma ray spectrometer…..finds water Ella Carlsson IRF Kiruna

11. ?

12. Ella's mission Solve the problem with the missing carbonates! Ella Carlsson IRF Kiruna

13. IMA – Ion Mass Analyzer A. Fedorov Ella Carlsson IRF Kiruna

14. MEX - orbit Ella Carlsson IRF Kiruna

15. Ion-beam event ella@irf.se

16. Energy-mass matrix Ella Carlsson IRF Kiruna

17. Mass-fitting Ella Carlsson IRF Kiruna

18. Mass-fitting Ella Carlsson IRF Kiruna

19. Ion-beam events Ella Carlsson IRF Kiruna

20. Flux ratios Phobos-2 data (Lundin et al., 1989) O + escape rate: 2x10 25 s -1 CO 2+ escape rate: 4x10 24 s -1 (0.29 kgs -1 ) Submitted to Icarus Ella Carlsson IRF Kiruna

21. Martian atmosphere Past: 1-5 bar 3 bar - 1.2x10 19 kg Present: 6.4 mbar - 2.5x10 16 kg Total amount of escaped CO 2+ (4 Gyr) 3.7x10 16 kg XUV Solar wind Intrinsic magnetic field Ella Carlsson IRF Kiruna

22. So why is all this stuff important?

23. On to Mars! Ella Carlsson IRF Kiruna ella@irf.se