1. Taking a Closer Look at Kingdom Eubacteria, Archaea and Viruses
Objectives:
1. Compare and contrast Eubacteria, Archaea and Viruses
2. Explain why viruses are not part of any of the 6 kingdoms
3. Discuss some benefits and negatives of bacteria

2. Microscopic Organisms
Microscopic bacteria and viruses are the cause of many diseases.
Respiratory infections
Flu
Plague
They also play an important role in the ecosystem.
Recycling nutrients (convert nitrogen into a form plants can use)
Production (Cheese, Yogurt, Vitamin K and B12)
Sewage Treatment
Digestion
Decomposer
Produce antibiotics (to compete with other bacteria)

3. Prokaryotes
Domain Eubacteria and Archaea are single- celled and lack membrane bound organelles.
Extremely small
Dominate forms of life because they live in every habitat
Inside and on other organisms (100 trillion+ on your body!)
In water and soil (even deep within the Earth)
In boiling hot springs
In acid and even on and in ice!!! (Totally extreme)

4. Yellowstone National Park

5. Cell Shapes
Both Archaea and Eubacteria can be classified based on their shape..
Bacillus (rod shaped)
E.coli
Coccus (round)
Streptococcus
Spirillum (spiral)
Spirillum minus

6. Eubacteria
Consist of a cell wall ( composed of __________________which makes the cell strong) and a plasma membrane surrounding the cytoplasm.
Chromosome is ___________________________.
Also may contain _______________(small loop of extra DNA with a few genes)
Contains ribosomes which make ___________________
Have flagellum for ______________________
____________help cell attach to surfaces

7. Metabolism Autotrophic bacteria: Make their own food
Cyanobacteria or blue-green algae, blue-green bacteria
Use energy from the sun (photosynthesis)
Heterotrophic bacteria: Get nutrients from other organisms
Heterotrophic bacteria include parasitic types
E.Coli - The products of their metabolism may be toxic to animals

8. Reproduction - Asexually
Reproduce asexually by binary fission.
Similar to mitosis
DNA replicates
Cell elongates
Cell splits apart
Also may be subject to mutations.
Bacteria reproduce rapidly so mutations occur more frequently
Bacteria can gain new DNA through infection by a virus or conjugation.

9. Conjugation: Form of sexual-like reproduction (two cells join and exchange genetic info.)

10. Archaea Similar to bacteria in some ways…
Have a cell wall, but lack peptidoglycan
Different genetic information
Can occupy much more extreme environments (acidic, boiling)

11. Subgroups Methanogens: Live in low oxygen environments
- Swamps, Sewage lagoons, Digestive tracts
- Convert methane gas into energy
Halophiles: Salt lovers that live in environments that are very salty
- Dead Sea, Foods preserved by salt
- Convert food molecules into energy
Extreme Thermophiles: Live in very hot environments ( ºC is optimal for growth)
Psychrophiles: Live in Antarctic and Artic environments
(-10 to – 20 ºC is optimal for growth)

12. Viruses
Non–living infectious particles that pass from cell to cell and organism to organism.
They infect a cell and take over control forcing or tricking the cell into making copies of the virus.

13. Your Turn
Complete the hand out on ‘Comparing and Contrasting the structure and function of Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes and Viruses.

14. Plenary
Compare and contrast Archaea and Eubacteria (how are they similar and different)
How do bacteria reproduce?
How are bacteria classified?
How are bacteria harmful/helpful?
Why are viruses considered to be non-living?
Compare and contrast virus and bacteria reproduction.

15. Additional Questions H/W Page 344 #1, 2, 4, 6, 7
Make a table to summarize the benefits of bacteria and the harmful effects of bacteria