1. COASTS

2. What processes make coasts change shape?
Erosion
attrition
abrasion
corrosion
hydraulic action
Deposition
traction
saltation
suspension
solution
Transportation

3. Erosion How easily a coast is eroded depends on how hard the rock is
Capes and Bay!
There is an animation of this on the blog!

4. Studland Bay – and you can see in the distance some rocks we will be looking at later – those are chalk cliffs with a soft sandstone

5. Erosion: which is which?
The sea picks up stones and throws them against the cliff wearing it away.
The waves force air into cracks in the rock and the pressure causes the rocks to split and break up.
Boulders already eroded from the cliffs are broken down into smaller and more rounded particles.
Rocks are dissolved by the chemical content of the water.

6. How cliffs are eroded
The tougher rocks of the headlands are gradually eroded away by attrition, hydraulic action (and sometimes corrosion, e.g. limestone or chalk) and gradually a small ‘Wave-cut notch’ is made by the waves at high tide
As it gets bigger, the overhanging rock will eventually tumble into the sea.

7. How cliffs are eroded
Over time the cliff retreats leaving a wave-cut platform just below the surface, that shows only when the tide is out
This is in Dorset near Purbeck at Kimmeridge Bay.

8. There are some special coastal features
These form where chalk or limestone form the hard band of rock.
Here the erosion is help by corrosion. If the water is slightly acid, then the calcium carbonate that makes up these rocks will dissolve slowly.
The rocks were laid down millions of years ago in a warm sea and are made mostly of the shells of molluscs.

9. cave
cliff
crack

10. stack
arch
pillar

11. reef
stump

12. original photo http://www.leler.com/hawaii/ Holei Sea Arch
Can you remember the order? C P S R

13. Some examples What do all these show from Selwick?

14. What happens next?
Once the rock has been eroded away from the cliff by abrasion and corrosion and hydraulic action
The pieces will be further broken down by attrition, becoming smoother and smaller over time
Some of it will be transported away and deposited somewhere else
Broken rock ends up on beaches as sand or shingle (round pebbles)

15. But beaches do not stay the same
Most of the waves break on the beaches at an angle.
Some of the waves are constructive, which means they bring material from another place and leave it.
These waves have powerful swash waves – waves that drop anything they are carrying as they break
These make beaches bigger.

16. Constructive Waves
Spilling Breaker
Powerful Swash
Weak Backwash

17. But beaches do not stay the same
Some of the waves are destructive, which means that they break on the beach and as the water runs back, it drags part of the beach away with it.
These waves have powerful backwash waves – big waves that make more noise as they retreat, taking the sand and shingle with them.
These make beaches smaller.

18. Destructive Waves
Crashing breaker
Weak swash
Powerful Backwash

19. But beaches do not stay the same
Some waves are a bit of both.
This is called longshore drift

20. Longshore Drift Visit www.worldofteaching.com
For 100’s of free powerpoints

22. Direction of swash
Direction of swash

23. Direction of swash
Direction of swash

24. Direction of swash
Backwash
Direction of swash
Backwash

25. Direction of swash Backwash Direction of swash Longshore Drift

26. Build up of sediment against the groyne Direction of swash
Longshore
Drift
Groyne traps sediment
Build up of sediment
against the groyne

27. And this happens if the long shore drift is allowed to carry on
Deposits and seed are caught behind the shingle bar and a salt marsh begins to grow
The coast changes direction
This is called a spit
But the long shore drift carries on
But the load gets dropped as the longshore drift looses power

28. What can happen with longshore drift?
As the River Humber joins the North sea

29. What can happen with longshore drift?
The sand and shingle are dragged down the coast from the NW.
The blue line shows a shingle bank
It continued across the gap between the main land and the island to form a tombolo.

30. Homework for 2 weeks up to the end of half term
If possible (if not we need to talk).
To visit the coast and to gather photographic evidence or you can sketch it and scan it if you like.
Now I want the evidence ‘annotated’, which means not just labels but explanations too.
See over for an example

31. Walton on the Naze Soft rock that is being eroded
This tree’s roots’ soil was eroded away so it fell over
Fine sand has been deposited

33. So what could you take pictures of to show beach features?
Evidence of erosion (or not like cliffs )
Evidence of deposition
Beaches – pebbles – cliffs – sand dunes – groynes – longshore drift - spits
Remember
Annotate = label AND explain