1. Describing a graph? MK p 115 Can you name any point / segment of the graph? Steps to take when describing a graph: Determine the topics and time frame What do the numbers and labels represent? A number? A percentage? A price? Describe the overall situation. The general trend. Focus on the highs and lows. When? In what period? For how long? How intensive was the change? Use adjectives and adverbs. → RB, p 18

2. Words to use: verbs and nouns  prices rise vs a rise in prices  different levels of intensity: to rise vs. to soar  a growth vs. a surge  transitive & intransitive verbs: rise vs. raise (is an object required?) adjectives and adverbs used to describe:  degree of change: the prices rise significantly a significant rise in prices  speed of change: the prices rise suddenly a sudden rise in prices

3. INTRANSITIVE TRANSITIVE VERBS (no object) VERBS + a direct object RISE GROW JUMP RALLY SOAR FALL DECLINE PLUMMET SLUMP PLUNGE TO RAISE PRICES TO BOOST SALES TO SPUR SPENDING TO SLASH TAXES TO BRING DOWN PRICES INCREASE DECREASE

4. COPY THE TABLE AND SORT THE VERBS OUT. FALL RISE CHANGE PICK UP, TOP OUT, DIP, SURGE, PLUMMET, PLUNGE, TAKE OFF, BOTTOM OUT, REBOUND, SKYROCKET, SLIP, SLUMP, SOAR, CRASH, RALLY, TUMBLE, SHRINK, ESCALATE, LEAP

5. COPY THE TABLE AND SORT THE VERBS OUT. FALL RISE CHANGE plummet slip crash tumble shrink slump pick up surge take off skyrocket soar rally escalate leap bottom out rebound dip top out PICK UP, TOP OUT, DIP, SURGE, PLUMMET, PLUNGE, TAKE OFF, BOTTOM OUT, REBOUND, SKYROCKET, SLIP, SLUMP, SOAR, CRASH, RALLY, TUMBLE,

6. MARK 1 “go up”, 2 ”go down”, 3 “go up a lot” or 4 “ go down a lot” As part of an overall boom, spending on advertising rocketed in the late 1990s and, in 2000, it soared by more than 8% in America, which represents about half the world market. But then the following year it plunged by 8%. Now the industry is feeling positive again and advertising is expected to escalate by nearly 5% this year. But how is the money being spent? Thanks to the Internet, there was a jump in website advertising of nearly 40%. But is traditional TV advertising shrinking? America’s big TV networks used to reach 90% of households but then this figure plummeted to as low as 33%. Consequently, TV advertising by some multinationals also slumped.

7. MARK 1 “go up”, 2 ”go down”, 3 “go up a lot” or 4 “ go down a lot” As part of an overall boom, spending on advertising rocketed3 in the late 1990s and, in 2000, it soared3 by more than 8% in America, which represents about half the world market. But then the following year it plunged4 by 8%. Now the industry is feeling positive again and advertising is expected to escalate1 by nearly 5% this year. But how is the money being spent? Thanks to the Internet, there was a jump3 in website advertising of nearly 40%. But is traditional TV advertising shrinking2? America’s big TV networks used to reach 90% of households but then this figure plummeted4 to as low as 33%. Consequently, TV advertising by some multinationals also slumped4.

8. ADJECTIVES or ADVERBS used in describing trends or movements A D + V E R B S DEGREE OF CHANGE The oil prices rose sharply. SPEED OF CHANGE In November the oil prices started falling abruptly. A D J E C T I V ES+ NOUNS DEGREE OF CHANGE There was a sharp increase in the price of gold. SPEED OF CHANGE The stock markets saw an abrupt decrease in the ratings.

9. VerbsadverbsNouns (a/an) adjectives to increase to grow to rise to improve to go up dramatically considerably significantly sharply substantially moderately slightly an increase a growth a rise an improvement an upturn dramatic D considerable E significant G sharp R substantial E moderate E slight to decrease to fall to drop to decline to go down abruptly, suddenly, rapidly, quickly, steadily, slowly e gradually… a decrease a fall a drop a decline a downturn abrupt S sudden P rapid E quick E steady D slow gradual TO GO UP OR DOWN A LITTLE grow, rise, increase – not followed by “up” fall, drop, decrease – not followed by “down”

10. ADJECTIVE OR ADVERB? There was a CONSIDERABLY / CONSIDERABLE fall. It fell SLIGHT / SLIGHTLY. There was a SLIGHT / SLIGHTLY upturn. The government decreased taxes MODERATE/ MODERATELY. They reported a DRAMATICALLY / DRAMATIC downturn.

11. MAKE ADVERBS. rapid quick slight moderate dramatic considerable substantial gradual steady rapidly quickly slightly moderately dramatically considerably substantially gradually steadily

12. Since 1998, the use of broadcast TV has fallen sharply, going down from 950 to under 600 hours in just seven years. This figure levelled off slightly in 2002 with a slight decline of just 30 hours compared to a sharp fall of 70 hours the following year and reaching an all-time low of under 600 hours per year by 2004. At the beginning of 2005, the use of broadcast TV has abruptly risen, only to be followed by a gradual drop in the second quarter. Trends: by Verbs+Adverbs & Nouns&Adjectives

13. Since 1998, the use of broadcast TV has fallen sharply, going down from 950 to under 600 hours in just seven years. This figure levelled off slightly in 2002 with a slight decline of just 30 hours compared to a sharp fall of 70 hours the following year and reaching an all-time low of under 600 hours per year by 2004. At the beginning of 2005, the use of broadcast TV has abruptly risen, only to be followed by a gradual drop in the second quarter. Verbs+Adverbs & Nouns+Adjectives Degree & speed of change

14. Describing movements and prepositions to rise ______ 2 h ___ 5 h to increase _____ 35 % a decrease ____ 10 % an increase ____ 15% to decrease ____ 46% to fall _____ 20 % ____ 13 % to fall ____ $3 h ___ $2 h The company expects a 5% increase ___ sales. Sales stood ___ $1 m ___ 1998. The sales figures peaked ___ $1,000.

15. Describing movements and prepositions to rise from 2 h to 5 h to increase by 35 % / by 3 (from 2 to 5) an increase of 15% a decrease of 10 % to decrease by 46% / by 2 (from 10 to 8) to fall from 20 % to 13 % to fall from $3 h to $2 h The company expects a 5% increase in sales. Sales stood at $1 m in 1998. The sales figures peaked at $1,000. Careful: rast od 5% je increase of 5% noun + of porasti za 5% nije to increase for 5% nego: increase by verb + by

16. Time prepositions onon Monday, on 23 March 2012 inin August / in winter in the morning in 2006 in an hour atat half past nine at night at the weekend sincesince 1980 forfor 2 years ago2 years ago beforebefore 2004 to / till / untilfrom Monday to/till Friday till / untilHe is on holiday until Friday. byI will be back by 6 o’clock. By 11 o'clock, I had read five pages.