1. The Cardiovascular System

2. Amazing Heart Facts Your heart is about the same size as your fist.
An average adult body contains about five
quarts of blood.
All the blood vessels in the body joined end to end would stretch 62,000 miles or two and a half times around the earth.
The heart circulates the body's blood supply about 1,000 times each day.
The heart pumps the equivalent of 5,000 to 6,000 quarts of blood each day.
Weighs less than 1 lb.

3. Introduction A. Fully formed by the 4th week of embryonic development
B. Hollow Muscular Organ That Acts as a 2 sided, Double Pump – Pump #1 – rt. side - O2 deficient - to the lungs; Pump #2 – left side – O2 rich – to the body
C. Continuous pump - once pulsations begin, heart pumps endlessly until death

4. Heart Anatomy
General
1. Size: approximately the size of a person’s fist
2. Location: in the mediastinum; between the lungs in the thoracic cavity
Positioned partially to the left of the sternum

5. Coverings: Pericardium
Double layered sac – parietal and visceral
Contains cc. Of pericardial fluid to reduce the friction of the beating heart
Parietal layer: fibrous membrane; outer layer
Visceral layer: serous membrane; also called the epicardium; attached to myocardium
3 tissue layers: Pericardium – double membrane that covers the outside of the heart; provides lubrication bvetw the heart and surrounding structures to prevent tissue damage

6. Heart Wall
1. Myocardium: heart muscle; thickest layer
2. Endocardium: smooth layer of cells lining the inside of the heart chambers; and forms the valves

7. Chambers: Atria a. 2 upper chambers of heart
b.Thin walls, smooth inner surface
c.Foramen ovale: passageway between the 2 atria so that the lungs are bypassed in the developing fetus
d.Fossa ovale: scar tissue where the
foramen ovale existed until it closed up
shortly after birth
Heart has 4 chambers – 2 upper = atria; 2 lower = ventricles

8. Atria Continued e.Responsible for receiving blood
f. Right atrium receives deoxygenated (oxygen poor) blood from the body through the superior and inferior vena cava
g. Left atrium receives oxygenated
(oxygen rich) blood from the lungs
through the pulmonary veins

9. Chambers: Ventricles a. 2 lower chambers of the heart
b. Thicker walls, irregular inner surface
c. Contain papillary muscles and
chordae tendineae (prevent heart
valves from turning inside out when
ventricles contract)
d. Left wall 3 times as thick as right wall;
forms apex of heart

10. Ventricles Continued
e.Responsible for pumping blood away from the heart
f. Right ventricle sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries
g. Left ventricle sends oxygenated
blood to all parts of the body via the
aorta

11. Accessory Structure a. Septum: muscular wall dividing
the heart into right and left halves
b. Heart valves - prevents the
backflow of blood
c. Papillary muscles
d. Chordae tendineae
4 chambers of the heart are separated by the partitions called the septa. The interatrial septum divides the 2 upper chambers; the intraventricular septum divides the 2 ventricle.
4 Valves – prevent back flow of blood.
Papillary muscles and chordae tendineae prevent heart valves from turning inside out when the ventricles contract

12. Great Vessels
1. Superior and inferior vena cava: receive deoxygenated blood from all parts of the body
2. Coronary sinus: carry O2 to the heart muscle itself
3. Pulmonary arteries: carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs from the right ventricle
4. Pulmonary veins: carry oxygenated blood to
the left atrium from the lungs
5. Aorta: carries oxygenated blood to
distribute to all parts of the body

13. Pathway of Blood through Heart
Inferior/Superior Vena Cava
Right Atrium
Tricuspid Valve
Right Ventricle
Pulmonary Valve
Pulmonary Artery
Lungs
Pulmonary Veins
Left Atrium
Bicuspid (mitral) Valve
Left Ventricle
Aortic Valve
Aorta
Body

14. Pathway of Blood through Body
Aorta
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
Superior/ inferior vena cava

15. Valves
1.Tough fibrous tissue between the heart chambers and major blood vessels of the heart
2.Gate-like structures to keep the blood flowing in one direction and to prevent regurgitation or backflow of blood

16. Atrio-ventricular valves
When ventricles contract, blood is forced upward and the valves close; attached by papillary muscles and chordae tendineae
a. Tricuspid valve: between the right atrium and the right ventricle
b. Bicuspid/mitral valve: between the left atrium and the left ventricle
A-V valves separate the atria from the ventricles;
Cusp = flaps of the valves

17. Semilunar Valves:
3 half moon pockets that catch blood and balloon out to close the opening
a. Pulmonary semilunar valve: between the right ventricle and the pulmonary arteries
b. Aortic semilunar valve: between the left ventricle and the aortic arch/aorta

18. Heart Sounds
a. When the AV (atrioventricular) and semilunar valves close, they make the sound heard as “lub- dub” (auscultated with stethoscope)
b. First sound = S1 - ventricles are contracting and forcing blood to the lungs and entire body (AV valves closing)
c. Second sound = S2 - atria are contracting and
the semilunar valves are closing
d.Abnormal heart sounds = murmur; valve pathology (M1, M2)

19. A. Nerve Supply to Heart
1. Alters rate and force of cardiac contraction
2. Vagus nerve (parasympathetic nervous system): slows heart rate
3. Sympathetic nerves: increase heart rate
4. Epinephrine/norepinephrine: increase heart
rate
5. Sensory (afferent) nerves: detect atria being stretched and lack of oxygen (changes rate of contractions)
Angina: chest pain due to lack of oxygen in
coronary circulation

20. Arteries Veins Carry Blood away from heart
Carry blood TOWARD heart
All BUT Pulmonary vein carries unoxygenated blood
Layers much thinner; elastic
Series of internal valves that work against the flow of gravity to prevent reflux
Inferior/superior vena cava:largest
Venules:smallest
Carry Blood away from heart
All BUT pulmonary artery carries oxygenated blood
Aorta:largest artery
Arterioles: smallest
Coronary arteries: nourish heart

22. Capillaries 1. Tiny, microscopic vessels 2. Walls one cell layer thick
3. Function: to transport and diffuse essential materials to and from the body’s cells and the blood

23. Circulation

24. Function of Circulatory System
An efficient pumping system to supply all body systems with oxygen and nutrients
Transport cellular waste products from the cells to the kidneys for excretion
An important role in the immune system – distributes hormones and antibodies throughout the body
Helps control body temperature and maintain electrolyte balance