1. DAML Queries/Life Cycle SRI International

2. Parts of Ontologies (used in the examples to follow) Assumptions Researcher String lastName firstName Publication-ref author Topic topic Number year

3. Queries Find a reference to the most recent paper on SHOE with Jame Hendler as a co- author. Find a reference to the paper on SHOE with James Hendler as a co-author, with the most citations in the World Wide Web Virtual Library: Artificial Intelligence. Find an article or technical report on SHOE by Jim Hendler. Request the Stanford Library to hold a copy of Daniel Dennett's book "Elbow Room" for me. If the Stanford Library does not have a copy of Daniel Dennett's "Elbow Room", order it for me via Interlibrary Loan. Buy a copy of Daniel Dennett's "Elbow Room" for me from amazon.com. Buy me a copy of Daniel Dennett's "Elbow Room" at the cheapest available price. Who in the SRI AI Center has coauthored a paper with a Turing Award winner? a Nobel Prize winner? someone from Iowa?

4. Query Language Extend DAML syntax to cover queries –Support a subset of OO query language mechanisms Example: Find information about Researcher with last name Hendler … xmlns: SRI=http://www.ai.sri.com/daml/ontologies/Researcher.daml … Hendler …

5. Data and Control Flow DAML query is parsed, interpreted and (all or parts) sent to search site DAML Vista DAML Vista searches indexed DB for matching Researcher objects –Recursively searches through imported ontologies –May translate to other ontologies with help of ontology mapping service/engine –May seek help from specialty KB service (e.g., specializing in researchers)

6. Search Engine Strategies … xmlns: SRI=…ai.sri.com/ontologies/Researcher.daml Hendler... CASE ONE: Simple matching of class/properties Web page

7. Search Engine Strategies (2) xmlns: SRI=…ai.sri.com/ontologies/Researcher.daml xmlns:Hobbs=…ai.sri.com/~hobbs/MyResearcher.daml Hendler MyResearcher subClass of Researcher CASE TWO: Recursive search of ontology tags through imported ontologies (USING SUBCLASSES, SUBPROPERTIES)

8. Search Engine Strategies (3) xmlns: KSL=…ksl.stanford.edu/Staff.daml Hendler CASE THREE:Using ontology mapping service xmlns:…ai.sri.com/ontologies/Researcher.daml -> xmlns:...ksl.stanford.edu/Staff.daml Researcher -> Staff lastName -> name

9. Search Engine Strategies (4) xmlns :…ai.sri.com/ontologies/Researcher.daml CASE FOUR:Using speciality repository xmlns:…ai.sri.com/ontologies/Researcher.daml Hendler more info about Hendler Hendler link Local cache of information about researcher Links to Home pages and other relevant info

10. Architecture DAML-based Search Service Searches mapping sites for equivalent ontologies Searches web pages for answers Ontology Mapping Service Maps/translates queries Translates KB DAML Parser Q DAML Query Interpreter Optimizer Web pages Ontology mapping sites xmlns:SRI… -> xmlns:KSL.. Researcher -> Staff Speciality Repository -offline crawling -cacheing or links Data flow Service access Web page access Deal w/ filter/preferences Use knowledge about query and web

11. Ontology Mapping Service DAML-recommended Mapping Ontology –API spec for mapping ontologies Mapping Service maps/translates between ontologies –for a given query it returns an equivalent query using notations from other ontologies –it uses ontology mapping sites

12. Ontology Mapping Service (2) Can map entire KB where useful Can produces views of KB Necessary: Tools that support Map creation –Modes interactive (using input of ontology designer) automatic (using SNARK/Maude-like Tools to automatically draw inferences about ontology equivalences)

13. A Slightly More Complex Query Find publications about SHOE co-authored by (Jim) Hendler … xmlns: SRI=http://www.ai.sri.com/daml/ontologies/Publication.daml Jim Hendler SHOE...

14. A More Complex Query Find most recent publications about SHOE co-authored by (Jim) Hendler … xmlns: SRI=http://www.ai.sri.com/daml/ontologies/Publication.daml …as before...... … Various possible realizations

15. Services for Preferences Services can be specified for –Site –Class –Ontology (set of classes and properties) Services can be used to define preferences, e.g., Publication-ref Bool... Publication-ref

16. Site Services E.g., Person-match service in order to find information about person with name Hendler Issues: –Service has to be specified w/ required input/output parameters –Protocol how to find appropriate services needs to be defined –Software to support interface w/ services