1. Myers’ Psychology for AP*
David G. Myers
PowerPoint Presentation Slides
by Kent Korek
Germantown High School
Worth Publishers, © 2010
*AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.

2. Unit 14: Social Psychology

3. Unit Overview Social Thinking Social Influence Social Relations
Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

4. Introduction
Social Psychology

5. Social Thinking

6. Attributing Behavior to Persons or to Situations
Attribution theory
Dispositional vs. situational attribution
Fundamental attribution error
Self-serving bias

7. Personal relationships Political relationships Job relationships
Attributing Behavior to Persons or to Situations The Effects of Attribution
Personal relationships
Political relationships
Job relationships

8. Attitudes and Actions Attitude Central route persuasion
Peripheral route persuasion

9. Attitudes and Actions Actions Affect Attitudes
The Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
“start small and build”

10. Attitudes and Actions Actions Affect Attitudes
Role-Playing Affects Attitudes
Role
Stanford prison study (2:49)
Abu Ghraib

11. Attitudes and Actions Actions Affect Attitudes
Cognitive Dissonance: Relief From Tension
Cognitive dissonance theory
“Attitudes follow behavior”

12. Social Influence

13. Conformity and Obedience
Chameleon effect
Mood linkage

14. Conformity and Obedience Group Pressure and Conformity
Solomon Asch study (4:10)

15. Conformity and Obedience Solomon Asch Study

16. Conformity and Obedience Group Pressure and Conformity
Conditions That Strengthen Conformity
One is made to feel incompetent or insecure
Group has at least three people
Group is unanimous
One admires the group’s status
One has made no prior commitment
Others in group observe one’s behavior
One’s culture strongly encourages respect for social standards

17. Conformity and Obedience Group Pressure and Conformity
Reasons for Conforming
Normative social influence
Informational social influence

18. Informational Social Influence

19. Conformity and Obedience Obedience
Milgram’s studies on obedience
Procedure
Results
Ethics
Follow up studies (10:35)

20. Conformity and Obedience Obedience

21. Conformity and Obedience Obedience

22. Conformity and Obedience Obedience

23. Conformity and Obedience Obedience

24. Conformity and Obedience Lessons From the Conformity and Obedience Studies
Ordinary people being corrupted by an evil situation
Zimbardo Daily Show Clip

25. Group Influence Individual Behavior in the Presence of Others
Social Facilitation
Task difficulty
Expertise effects
Crowding effects

26. Group Influence Individual Behavior in the Presence of Others
Social Loafing

27. Group Influence Individual Behavior in the Presence of Others
Deindividuation

28. Group Influence Effects of Group Interaction
Group Polarization

29. Group Influence Effects of Group Interaction
Group Polarization

30. Group Influence Effects of Group Interaction
Group Polarization

31. Group Influence Effects of Group Interaction
Group Polarization

32. Group Influence Effects of Group Interaction
Group Polarization

33. Group Influence Effects of Group Interaction
Group Polarization

34. Group Influence Effects of Group Interaction
Groupthink
Bay of Pigs
Challenger explosion

35. Cultural Influence
Culture
Culture within animals
Culture in humans

36. Cultural Influence Variations Across Cultures
Norm
Personal space
Pace of life

37. Cultural Influence Variation Over Time
Changes over the generations

38. The Power of Individuals
Social control vs personal control
Minority influence

39. Social Relations

40. Prejudice How Prejudiced Are People?
Stereotype
Discrimination

41. Prejudice How Prejudiced Are People?

42. Prejudice How Prejudiced Are People?

43. Prejudice How Prejudiced Are People?

44. Prejudice How Prejudiced Are People?

45. Prejudice How Prejudiced Are People?

46. Prejudice How Prejudiced Are People?

47. Prejudice Social Roots of Prejudice
Social Inequalities
Us and Them: Ingroup and Outgroup
Ingroup (Ingroup bias)
Outgroup
Emotional roots of prejudice
Scapegoat theory
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48. Prejudice Cognitive Roots of Prejudice
Categorization
Outgroup homogeneity
Other-race effect
Vivid cases
Just-world phenomenon
Hindsight bias

49. Aggression
Aggression

50. Aggression The Biology of Aggression
Genetic Influences
Neural Influences
Biochemical Influences

51. Aggression Psychological and Social-Cultural Factors in Aggression
Aversive Events
Frustration-aggression principle
Fight or flight reaction
Social and cultural influences
Aggression-replacement program

52. Aggression Psychological and Social-Cultural Factors in Aggression
Observing models of aggression
Rape myth
Acquiring social scripts
Do video games teach, or release violence?
Catharsis hypothesis?

53. Conditional Reasoning Test

54. Biopsychosocial Understanding of Aggression

55. Biopsychosocial Understanding of Aggression

56. Biopsychosocial Understanding of Aggression

57. Biopsychosocial Understanding of Aggression

58. Attraction The Psychology of Attraction
Proximity
Mere exposure effect
Physical attractiveness
Similarity
Reward theory of attraction

59. Attraction Romantic Love
Passionate love
Companionate love
Equity
Self-disclosure

60. Altruism Altruism Bystander Intervention Kitty Genovese
Diffusion of responsibility
Bystander effect

61. Altruism

62. Altruism

63. Altruism

64. Altruism

65. Altruism

66. Altruism

67. Altruism

68. Altruism

69. Altruism

70. Altruism The Norms of Helping
Social exchange theory
Reciprocity norm
Social-responsibility norm

71. Conflict and Peacemaking
Social trap
Non-zero sum game

72. Conflict and Peacemaking Enemy Perceptions
Mirror-image perceptions
Self-fulfilling prophecy

73. Conflict and Peacemaking
Contact
Cooperation (4:12)
Superordinate goals
Communication
Conciliation
GRIT

74. The End

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76. Teacher Information
Hyperlink Slides - This presentation contain two types of hyperlinks. Hyperlinks can be identified by the text being underlined and a different color (usually purple).
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77. Teacher Information Continuity slides
Throughout this presentation there are slides, usually of graphics or tables, that build on one another. These are included for three purposes.
By presenting information in small chunks, students will find it easier to process and remember the concepts.
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Please feel free to contact me at with any questions, concerns, suggestions, etc. regarding these presentations.
Kent Korek
Germantown High School
Germantown, WI 53022

78. Division title (green print) subdivision title (blue print)
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79. Division title (green print) subdivision title (blue print)
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80. Definition Slide
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81. Definition Slides

82. Social Psychology
= the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

83. Attribution Theory
= the theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition.

84. Fundamental Attribution Error
= the tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.

85. Attitude
= feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.

86. Central Route Persuasion
= attitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts.

87. Peripheral Route Persuasion
= attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness.

88. Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
= the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.

89. Role
= a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.

90. Cognitive Dissonance Theory
= the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes.

91. Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Suppose you had volunteered to participate in a psychology experiment on campus. Upon arrival, you were seated at a table and asked to undertake a series of dull, meaningless tasks for about an hour. Afterward, the experimenter asked you to convince other potential participants by describing the tasks as highly worthwhile, interesting, and educational. You were paid either $1 or $20 to do this. Suppose you were then asked to privately rate your enjoyment of the tasks on a questionnaire. After which amount do you believe your actual enjoyment rating of the tasks would be higher - $1 or $20?

92. Conformity
= adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

93. Normative Social Influence
= influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval. Face the Rear (3:23)

94. Informational Social Influence
= influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept other’s opinions about reality.

95. Social Facilitation
= stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.

96. Social Loafing
= the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.

97. Deindividuation
= the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

98. Group Polarization
= the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion with the groups.

99. Groupthink
= the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.

100. Culture
= the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

101. Norm
= an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe “proper” behavior.

102. Personal Space
= the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies.

103. Prejudice
= an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action. Prejudice – A Girl Like Me (7:15)

104. Stereotype
= a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.

105. Discrimination
= unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members.

106. Ingroup
= “Us” – people with whom we share a common identity.

107. Outgroup
= “Them” – those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup.

108. Ingroup Bias
= the tendency to favor our own group.

109. Scapegoat Theory
= the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.

110. Other-race Effect
= the tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias.

111. Just-World Phenomenon
= the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

112. Aggression
= any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy.

113. Frustration-aggression Principle
= the principle that frustration – the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal – creates anger, which can generate aggression.

114. Mere Exposure Effect
= the phenomenon that the repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.

115. Passionate Love
= an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.

116. Companionate Love
= the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.

117. Equity
= a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.

118. Self-Disclosure
= revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.

119. Altruism
= unselfish regard for the welfare of others.

120. Bystander Effect
= the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.

121. Social Exchange Theory
= the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.

122. Reciprocity Norm
= an expectation that people will help, not hurt those who have helped them.

123. Social-Responsibility Norm
= an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them.

124. Conflict
= a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.

125. Social Trap
= a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.

126. Mirror-Image Perceptions
= mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.

127. Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
= a belief that leads to its own fulfillment.

128. Superordinate Goals
= shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.

129. GRIT
= Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction – a strategy designed to decrease international tensions.