1. The Periodic Law

2. Mendeleev’s Periodic Table (1872)
Dmitri Mendeleev
1st to publish an organized table of elements.
Grouped elements by similar chemical properties.
Arranged elements by increasing mass.

3. Henry Moseley (1913)
Used X-Ray diffraction to determine how many protons are in an atom of an element.
Grouped elements by similar chemical properties.
Arranged elements by increasing atomic number.

4. Modern Russian Table

5. Chinese Periodic Table

6. Stowe Periodic Table

7. A Spiral Periodic Table

8. “Mayan” Periodic Table

9. Orbital filling table

10. Period
The Periodic Table
Group or Family
Group or family
Period

11. Properties of Metalloids
Metalloids straddle the border between metals and nonmetals on the periodic table.
Metals
Nonmetals
Metalloids

12. Periodic Table with Group Names
Group or Family
Noble Gases
Halogens
Transition
Metals
Alkali Metals
Alkaline Earth Metals
Boron Family
Carbon Family
Nitrogen Family
Oxygen Family
Inner Transition Metals

13. The Properties of a Group: the Alkali Metals
Easily lose valence electron
(Reducing agents)
React violently with water
Large hydration energy
React with halogens to form
salts

14. Properties of Metals
Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity
Metals are malleable
Metals are ductile
Metals have high tensile strength
Metals have luster

15. Examples of Metals
Potassium, K reacts with water and must be stored in kerosene
Copper, Cu, is a relatively soft metal, and a very good electrical conductor.
Zinc, Zn, is more stable than potassium
Mercury, Hg, is the only metal that exists as a liquid at room temperature

16. Properties of Nonmetals
Carbon, the graphite in “pencil lead” is an example of a nonmetallic element.
Nonmetals are generally poor conductors of heat and electricity
Nonmetals tend to be brittle
Unlike carbon, (a solid), many nonmetals tend to be gases at room temperature

17. Examples of Nonmetals
Microspheres of phosphorus, P, a reactive nonmetal
Sulfur, S, was once known as “brimstone”
Graphite is not the only pure form of carbon, C. Diamond is also carbon; the color comes from impurities caught within the crystal structure

18. Properties of Metalloids
Metals
Nonmetals
Metalloids straddle the border between metals and nonmetals on the periodic table.
Metalloids
They have properties of both metals and nonmetals.
Metalloids are more brittle than metals, less brittle than most nonmetallic solids
Metalloids are semiconductors of electricity
Some metalloids possess metallic luster

19. Silicon, Si – A Metalloid
Silicon has metallic luster
Silicon is brittle like a nonmetal
Silicon is a semiconductor of electricity
Other metalloids include:
Boron, B
Germanium, Ge
Arsenic, As
Antimony, Sb
Tellurium, Te

20. Periodic means Repeating Pattern
Periodic means Repeating Pattern. Do you see a repeating pattern for these 1st Ionization Energies?

21. 1st, 2nd , and 3rd, Ionization energies of Magnesium
Mg kJ  Mg+ + e-
Mg kJ  Mg e-
Mg kJ  Mg e-