1. Gene  Protein
Chapter 17

2. Protein Synthesis / Gene Expression
Gene expression: The translation of information encoded in a gene into protein or RNA. Expressed genes include genes that are transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) and then translated into protein, as well as genes that are transcribed into types of RNA such as transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) that are not translated into protein.

3. Gerrod
genes dictate phenotype through enzymes that catalyze specific chemical reactions in the cell
symptoms of an inherited disease reflect a person’s inability to synthesize a particular enzyme

4. one gene - one enzyme hypothesis

5. Development of the Theory
one gene - one protein
not all proteins are enzymes
one gene - one polypeptide
many proteins are composed of several polypeptides, each of which has its own gene

6. RNA contains ribose as its sugar
substitutes the base uracil for thymine
consists of a single strand

7. transcription and translation
Transcription  DNA strand provides a template for the synthesis of a complementary RNA strand
Translation  the information contained in the order of nucleotides in mRNA is used to determine the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

8. Transcription
template strand of DNA provides a template for the sequence of nucleotides in RNA
The complementary RNA molecule is synthesized according to base-pairing rules
except that uracil is the complementary base to adenine

9. RNA polymerase separates the DNA strands at the appropriate point
bonds the RNA nucleotides as they base-pair along the DNA template

13. At the 5’ end of the pre-mRNA molecule, a modified form of guanine is added, the 5’ cap
At the 3’ end, an enzyme adds 50 to 250 adenine nucleotides, the poly(A) tail

14. RNA splicing
Most eukaryotic genes and their RNA transcripts have long noncoding stretches of nucleotides
Spliceosome  removes introns and joins exons to create an mRNA molecule with a continuous coding sequence

15. What’s the point of splicing?
at least some introns contain sequences that control gene activity in some way
splicing itself may regulate the passage of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
one clear benefit of split genes is to enable a one gene to encode for more than one polypeptide.

16. Translation
blocks of three nucleotides, codons, are decoded into a sequence of amino acids
codons are read in the 5’->3’ direction along the mRNA
ribosome adds each amino acid carried by tRNA to the growing end of the polypeptide chain

17. tRNA
carries a specific amino acid at one end and has a specific nucleotide triplet, an anticodon, at the other
The anticodon base-pairs with a complementary codon on mRNA

19. tRNA molecule

21. binding site for mRNA
The P site holds the tRNA carrying the polypeptide chain
The A site carries the tRNA with the next amino acid
Discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome at the E site

22. Initiation
brings together mRNA, a tRNA with the first amino acid, and the two ribosomal subunits

23. Codons

24. Elongation each amino acid is added to the proceeding one
codon recognition
peptide bond formation
translocation

25. Elongation

26. Termination
Stop codon
Releasing factor

27. polyribosomes

28. Fig. 17-23 Wild-type DNA template strand 3 5 5 3 mRNA 5 3
Protein
Stop
Amino end
Carboxyl end
A instead of G
Extra A 3 5 3 5 5 3 5 3
U instead of C
Extra U 5 3 5 3
Stop
Stop
Silent (no effect on amino acid sequence)
Frameshift causing immediate nonsense (1 base-pair insertion)
T instead of C
missing 3 5 3 5 5 3 5 3
A instead of G
missing 5 3 5 3
Stop
Missense
Frameshift causing extensive missense (1 base-pair deletion)
A instead of T
missing 3 5 3 5 5 3 5 3
U instead of A
missing 5 3 5 3
Stop
Stop
Nonsense
No frameshift, but one amino acid missing (3 base-pair deletion)
(a) Base-pair substitution
(b) Base-pair insertion or deletion

29. Producing a protein